\u00deetta voru mikil t\u00edmam\u00f3t \u2013 og ekki bara fyir \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0verja, heldur l\u00edka fyrir T\u00e9kka og Sl\u00f3vaka, P\u00f3lverja, Ungverja og a\u00f0ra Austur-Evr\u00f3pumenn. \u00c1 t\u00edmabili leit \u00fat fyrir, a\u00f0 Eystrasalts\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0irnar \u00ferj\u00e1r, Eistar, Lettar og Lith\u00e1ar, myndu lokast inni \u00ed Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjunum. \u00deeir sluppu ekki \u00fat fyrr en \u00e1 seinustu stundu \u2013 \u00feremur \u00e1rum seinna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Og svo hrundu Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin sj\u00e1lf til grunna um \u00e1ram\u00f3tin 1991-92. Vi\u00f0 \u00feau \u00e1ram\u00f3t (samkv\u00e6mt t\u00edmatali r\u00e9tttr\u00fana\u00f0arkirkjunnar), var rau\u00f0i f\u00e1ninn me\u00f0 hamri og sig\u00f0 dreginn ni\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 Kremlarm\u00fara \u00ed hinsta sinn. Seinni heimstyrj\u00f6ldinni var loksins loki\u00f0. Vi\u00f0 sem upplif\u00f0um \u00feessa atbur\u00f0i, vonu\u00f0um a\u00f0 \u00feetta yr\u00f0i upphaf n\u00fdrri og betri t\u00edma.<\/p>\n
Af \u00feessu tilefni hafa spunnist umr\u00e6\u00f0ur v\u00edtt og breitt um heiminn um \u00e1rt\u00f6l, sem hafa skipt sk\u00f6pum \u00ed mannkynss\u00f6gunni. \u00cd sp\u00e6nskri s\u00f6gu gn\u00e6fir \u00e1rtali\u00f0 1492 yfir \u00f6ll \u00f6nnur. Hva\u00f0 ger\u00f0ist \u00fe\u00e1? \u00de\u00e1 t\u00f3kst, til d\u00e6mis, sp\u00e6nska landeigendaa\u00f0linum loksins a\u00f0 hrekja seinasta M\u00e1rann af valdast\u00f3li \u00ed Granada. \u00dear me\u00f0 var endir bundinn \u00e1 yfirr\u00e1\u00f0 M\u00fahame\u00f0str\u00faarmanna \u00e1 meginlandi Evr\u00f3pu, sem sta\u00f0i\u00f0 haf\u00f0i \u00ed meira en sj\u00f6 hundru\u00f0 \u00e1r.<\/p>\n
\u00deeir sem horfa \u00fat fyrir g\u00f6mlu Evr\u00f3pu um ver\u00f6ld v\u00ed\u00f0a, munu v\u00e6ntanlega segja, a\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1492 v\u00e6ri greipt gullnu letri \u00ed veraldars\u00f6guna af allt \u00f6\u00f0rum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00e1r sigldi \u00edtalskur s\u00e6fari, Krist\u00f3fer Kolumbus, \u00far h\u00f6fn \u00ed Andal\u00fas\u00edu \u00ed leit a\u00f0 Indlandi, en fann \u00f3v\u00e6nt meginland Amer\u00edku. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00f3umdeilt, a\u00f0 fundur hins n\u00fdja meginlands og landn\u00e1m Evr\u00f3pumanna \u00fear, breyttu mannkynss\u00f6gunni \u2013 til g\u00f3\u00f0s e\u00f0a ills. Vi\u00f0 \u00feetta h\u00f3fst str\u00ed\u00f0ur straumur \u00fatflytjenda fr\u00e1 Evr\u00f3pu til Amer\u00edku. Vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 var\u00f0 \u00feessi n\u00fdja heims\u00e1lfa framlenging af s\u00f6gu og menningu g\u00f6mlu Evr\u00f3pu. \u00dea\u00f0 hefur fortakslaust breytt miklu um framvindu s\u00f6gunnar, og engan veginn enn s\u00e9\u00f0 fyrir endann \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed.<\/p>\n
\u00cd \u00feessari umr\u00e6\u00f0u allri hafa n\u00fa heyrst raddir, \u00fear sem kve\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 annan t\u00f3n. \u00de\u00e6r eru samm\u00e1la \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1492 hafi vissulega reynst vera t\u00edmam\u00f3ta\u00e1r \u00ed mannkynss\u00f6gunni. En \u00feegar fram l\u00ed\u00f0a stundir, muni menn hallast a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0an s\u00e9 \u00f6nnur og \u00f3v\u00e6nt. Hver \u00fe\u00e1? J\u00fa \u2013 sj\u00e1i\u00f0 \u00fei\u00f0 til. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1492 bar \u00fea\u00f0 nefnilega til t\u00ed\u00f0inda, a\u00f0 m\u00e1lv\u00edsindama\u00f0ur einn, Antonio De Nebrija, f\u00e6r\u00f0i hinum ungu konungshj\u00f3num Sp\u00e1nar, Isabellu og Ferdinand, miki\u00f0 ritverk a\u00f0 gj\u00f6f \u2013 splunkun\u00fdja m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0i fyrir tungum\u00e1l \u00feeirra h\u00e1sl\u00e9ttumanna \u00ed Kastil\u00edu.<\/p>\n
Kastil\u00edano var \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma eitt af m\u00f6rgum tungum\u00e1lum, sem t\u00f6lu\u00f0 voru \u00e1 \u00cdber\u00eduskaganum. \u00deetta var tungum\u00e1li\u00f0, sem landr\u00e6ningjarnir \u00ed Su\u00f0ur og Mi\u00f0-Amer\u00edku t\u00f6lu\u00f0u og fluttu me\u00f0 s\u00e9r. Og \u00cdsabella l\u00fdsti \u00fev\u00ed yfir me\u00f0 pompi og prakt, a\u00f0 \u201e\u00feetta skyldi h\u00e9r eftir ver\u00f0a r\u00edkism\u00e1l hins n\u00fdja st\u00f3rveldis\u201c. Og gleymum ekki \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 \u00fear me\u00f0 var\u00f0 kastil\u00edano tungum\u00e1l ka\u00fe\u00f3lsku kirkjunnar.<\/p>\n
\u00c1 meginlandi Amer\u00edku voru fyrir \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0flokkar, sem t\u00f6lu\u00f0u s\u00edn eigin tungum\u00e1l og voru mun fj\u00f6lmennari en sveitamenn sp\u00e6nsku h\u00e1sl\u00e9ttunnar. Saga landn\u00e1ms Sp\u00e1nverja \u00ed Su\u00f0ur og Mi\u00f0-Amer\u00edku er bl\u00f3\u00f0i drifin. \u00dea\u00f0 er saga miskunnarlauss ofbeldis, k\u00fagunar og ar\u00f0r\u00e1ns, auk ni\u00f0url\u00e6gingar og fj\u00f6ldamor\u00f0a \u00e1 hinum innf\u00e6ddu. Sp\u00e1nverjar fluttu me\u00f0 s\u00e9r sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma, sem ur\u00f0u a\u00f0 far\u00f6ldrum, og innf\u00e6ddir voru varnarlausir fyrir. \u00deeir hinna innf\u00e6ddu, sem ekki f\u00e9llu fyrir vopnum, f\u00f3rust \u00ed hr\u00f6nnum \u00ed dreps\u00f3ttum, sem Sp\u00e1nverjarnir fluttu me\u00f0 s\u00e9r.<\/p>\n
En tungum\u00e1li\u00f0 \u2013 kastil\u00edano h\u00e1sl\u00e9ttumannanna \u2013 lif\u00f0i af styrjaldir, hungursnei\u00f0ir og dreps\u00f3ttir. Ka\u00fe\u00f3lska kirkjan bo\u00f0a\u00f0i l\u00fd\u00f0num s\u00e6luvist \u00e1 himnum \u2013 \u00e1 sp\u00e6nsku. Jes\u00fa\u00edtarnir kenndu tr\u00fabo\u00f0um s\u00ednum \u00e1 sp\u00e6nsku. Landeigendurnir neyddu \u00fer\u00e6la s\u00edna \u2013 a\u00f0 vi\u00f0l\u00f6g\u00f0um dau\u00f0a e\u00f0a p\u00edslum \u2013 til a\u00f0 l\u00e6ra m\u00e1l herra\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar.<\/p>\n
A\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed kom, a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir Su\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku risu upp gegn sp\u00e6nska n\u00fdlenduveldinu. Umbo\u00f0smenn k\u00fagunarvaldsins fr\u00e1 Madrid voru hver \u00e1 f\u00e6tur \u00f6\u00f0rum reknir heim \u2013 fr\u00e1 Kolumb\u00edu, Venezuela, Argent\u00ednu, Chile, Per\u00fa, Boliv\u00edu og Equador \u2013 l\u00edka fr\u00e1 l\u00f6ndum Mi\u00f0-Amer\u00edku og fr\u00e1 eyr\u00edkjum Kar\u00edbahafsins, seinast fr\u00e1 K\u00fabu. Sp\u00e1nn hvarf aftur inn \u00ed sj\u00e1lfan sig og var\u00f0 a\u00f0 lokum a\u00f0 br\u00e1\u00f0 eigin fasisma, \u00c1 \u00feessu hnignunarskei\u00f0i misstu Sp\u00e1nverjar af endurreisninni, uppl\u00fdsinga\u00f6ldinni og i\u00f0nbyltingunni. \u00deeir ur\u00f0u a\u00f0 van\u00fer\u00f3u\u00f0u \u00fatkj\u00e1lkah\u00e9ra\u00f0i \u00e1 ja\u00f0ri Evr\u00f3pu.<\/p>\n
En kastil\u00edano \u2013 sp\u00e6nsk tunga \u2013 hefur hins vegar fari\u00f0 sigurf\u00f6r um heiminn. \u00c1 Sp\u00e1ni b\u00faa n\u00fa r\u00famlega 40 millj\u00f3nir manna. Af \u00feeim fj\u00f6lda eiga margir anna\u00f0 tungum\u00e1l a\u00f0 m\u00f3\u00f0urm\u00e1li, svo sem katal\u00f3nsku og baskam\u00e1l. \u00dear a\u00f0 auki talar f\u00f3lk \u00ed Galic\u00edu og Andal\u00fas\u00edu m\u00e1ll\u00fdskur, sem \u00fea\u00f0 vefst fyrir Kastil\u00edum\u00f6nnum \u00e1 skilja.<\/p>\n
En \u00ed heiminum \u00f6llum eru \u00feegar t\u00e6plega 400 milj\u00f3nir manna, sem eiga sp\u00e6nsku a\u00f0 m\u00f3\u00f0urm\u00e1li. \u00dea\u00f0 er ekki bara \u00f6ll Su\u00f0ur og Mi\u00f0-Amer\u00edka (fyrir utan Brasil\u00edu, sem h\u00f6ktir \u00e1 port\u00fag\u00f6lsku), sem talar sp\u00e6nsku. Tugir millj\u00f3na \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum eiga n\u00fa sp\u00e6nsku a\u00f0 m\u00f3\u00f0urm\u00e1li. Sp\u00e6nska er a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a meirihlutam\u00e1l \u00ed \u00fdmsum fylkjum Su\u00f0urr\u00edkjanna.<\/p>\n
\u00dea\u00f0 er bara mandar\u00ednskan, m\u00e1l Han-\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0flokksins, sem sk\u00fdtur hinum sp\u00e6nskum\u00e6landi ref fyrir rass. \u00dear \u00e1 m\u00f3ti kemur, a\u00f0 hinum sp\u00e6nskum\u00e6landi fj\u00f6lgar mun \u00f6rar. En jafnvel \u00fea\u00f0 kann a\u00f0 breytast, \u00feegar fram l\u00ed\u00f0a stundir, og Mi\u00f0r\u00edki\u00f0 \u2013 K\u00edna \u2013 hefur aftur \u00f6\u00f0last sinn forna sess sem mi\u00f0ja heimsins.<\/p>\n
Vi\u00f0 getum veri\u00f0 samm\u00e1la um \u00fea\u00f0, a\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1492 skipti sk\u00f6pum \u00ed s\u00f6gu heimsins, en kannski var \u00fea\u00f0, \u00feegar allt kemur til alls, m\u00e1lf\u00e6\u00f0ikveri\u00f0 hans Antonios de Nebrija, sem r\u00e9\u00f0i \u00farslitum. Heimsveldi r\u00edsa og hn\u00edga. Tungum\u00e1li\u00f0 sameinar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0irnar \u2013 en \u00e1n m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0innar lifa engin tungum\u00e1l.<\/p>\n
Viva gramatica!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
1989 \u2013 9ndi n\u00f3vember \u2013 fall Berl\u00ednarm\u00farsins. \u00dea\u00f0 er fj\u00f3r\u00f0ungur \u00far \u00f6ld s\u00ed\u00f0an. Samt finnst m\u00e9r einhvern veginn, eins og \u00feetta hafi allt gerst \u00ed g\u00e6r. \u00c9g man, a\u00f0 \u00e9g kom \u00fearna me\u00f0 manninum m\u00ednum nokkrum vikum s\u00ed\u00f0ar. \u00dea\u00f0 var eins og f\u00f3lk v\u00e6ri ekki enn fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 tr\u00faa s\u00ednum eigin augum \u2013 j\u00fa, j\u00fa \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e1 brotin \u00far m\u00farnum, allt \u00e1 tj\u00e1 og tundri, grei\u00f0 lei\u00f0 \u2013 en samt. Rykm\u00f6kkurinn h\u00e9kk \u00ed loftinu, t\u00f6tralegt f\u00f3lki\u00f0 st\u00f3\u00f0 \u00ed h\u00f3pum, tala\u00f0i saman \u00ed h\u00e1lfum hlj\u00f3\u00f0um og star\u00f0i \u00e1 vegsummerkin. Kannski var \u00feetta allt draumur, sem \u00e1tti eftir a\u00f0 sn\u00faast upp \u00ed martr\u00f6\u00f0. Vi\u00f0 hittum a\u00f0 m\u00e1li jafna\u00f0armenn \u00far g\u00f6mlu Vestur-Berl\u00edn, og \u00feeir sp\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed framt\u00ed\u00f0ina \u00fat fr\u00e1 or\u00f0um Willys Brandt: \u201eN\u00fa gr\u00e6r \u00fea\u00f0 saman, sem sprotti\u00f0 er af s\u00f6mu r\u00f3t\u201c.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-178","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","category-greinar_og_vidtol"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/bs\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/178","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/bs\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/bs\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/bs\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/bs\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=178"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/bs\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/178\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":534,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/bs\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/178\/revisions\/534"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/bs\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=178"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/bs\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=178"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/bs\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=178"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}