{"id":1135,"date":"2006-05-02T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2006-05-02T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/staging.jbh.is\/?p=1135"},"modified":"2020-09-22T17:10:24","modified_gmt":"2020-09-22T17:10:24","slug":"i-minningu-galbraiths-orbirgdin-i-allsnaegtunum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/?p=1135","title":{"rendered":"\u00cd MINNINGU GALBRAITHS. \u00d6RBIRG\u00d0IN \u00cd ALLSN\u00c6GTUNUM"},"content":{"rendered":"

Allsn\u00e6gtir og \u00f6rbirg\u00f0.<\/h2>\n

\u00c1hrifamesta b\u00f3k hans, Allsn\u00e6gta\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi\u00f0, kom \u00fat \u00e1ri\u00f0 sem \u00e9g lauk st\u00fadentspr\u00f3fi, en \u00e9g komst fyrst \u00ed t\u00e6ri vi\u00f0 hana nokkrum \u00e1rum seinna, \u00e1 n\u00e1ms\u00e1runum \u00ed Edinborg. \u00deessi b\u00f3k opna\u00f0i heilli kynsl\u00f3\u00f0 n\u00fdja s\u00fdn \u00e1 grundvallar\u00fevers\u00f6gn amer\u00edsks kapitalisma. \u00deessi \u00fevers\u00f6gn birtist okkur \u00ed einkaver\u00f6ld allsn\u00e6gtanna mitt \u00ed ni\u00f0urn\u00ed\u00f0slu almanna\u00fej\u00f3nustu. Hann festi \u00feessa \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsmynd \u00ed hugskoti lesenda sinna me\u00f0 or\u00f0takinu: \u201cPrivate affluence amid public squalor\u201d. \u00deessi mynd er ekki s\u00ed\u00f0ur rauns\u00f6nn l\u00fdsing \u00e1 amer\u00edsku \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi \u00ed dag en h\u00fan var fyrir h\u00e1lfri \u00f6ld. V\u00edggirt villuhverfi, l\u00faxusb\u00edlar og \u00f3h\u00f3fsneysla en vanr\u00e6ktar almannasamg\u00f6ngur, ni\u00f0urn\u00eddd f\u00e1t\u00e6krahverfi, engar almannatryggingar, opinbert sk\u00f3lakerfi og heilsug\u00e6sla a\u00f0 hruni komi\u00f0. Fimmtungur barnafj\u00f6lskyldna undir f\u00e1t\u00e6ktarm\u00f6rkum og l\u00edfsg\u00e6\u00f0i undirst\u00e9ttarinnar, sem minna meira \u00e1 \u00feri\u00f0ja heiminn en r\u00edkasta \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lag heims. \u00deetta hefur ekki breyst til hins betra fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 Galbraith afhj\u00fapa\u00f0i sannleikann um \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0 og st\u00e9ttaskiptingu bandar\u00edsks samf\u00e9lags. \u00devert \u00e1 m\u00f3ti. \u00dea\u00f0 hefur versna\u00f0 um allan helming. Draumurinn um land t\u00e6kif\u00e6ranna hefur sn\u00faist upp \u00ed andhverfu s\u00edna. Bandar\u00edkin eru n\u00fa mesta \u00f3jafna\u00f0ar\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lag me\u00f0al \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a \u00ed heiminum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n

Gervi\u00fearfir vs. almanna\u00fearfir.<\/h2>\n

Galbraith taldi, a\u00f0 \u00feetta jafnv\u00e6gisleysi milli h\u00f3flausrar einkaneyslu og vanr\u00e6kslu \u00e1 fj\u00e1rfestingum til sameiginlegra \u00fearfa stafa\u00f0i af \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 ein helsta kennisetning marka\u00f0str\u00fabo\u00f0sins um a\u00f0 \u201cneytandinn v\u00e6ri konungurinn\u201d og a\u00f0 marka\u00f0skerfi\u00f0 snerist um a\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gja \u00fe\u00f6rfum hans, v\u00e6ri go\u00f0s\u00f6gn sem enginn f\u00f3tur v\u00e6ri fyrir. Hann beindi athygli manna a\u00f0 s\u00edvaxandi sam\u00fej\u00f6ppun eignarhalds \u00ed bandar\u00edskum st\u00f3rfyrirt\u00e6kjum og einokunar- e\u00f0a f\u00e1keppnisst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feeirra \u00e1 helstu m\u00f6rku\u00f0um. Hann s\u00fdndi fram \u00e1, a\u00f0 fyrirt\u00e6kin verja l\u00f6ngum meiri fj\u00e1rmunum, gegnum augl\u00fdsingar og marka\u00f0ssetningu, \u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00faa til \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir v\u00f6rur s\u00ednar og \u00fej\u00f3nustu me\u00f0al neytenda. Hinar \u00edmyndu\u00f0u \u00fearfir halda neyslu\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9laginu (hagvextinum ) gangandi. \u00deessi fulln\u00e6ging gervi\u00fearfa sni\u00f0gengur raunverulegar \u00fearfir almennings um heilsug\u00e6slu, g\u00e6\u00f0i menntunar, um\u00f6nnun barna vegna \u00fativinnandi m\u00e6\u00f0ra, almannasamg\u00f6ngur, hva\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 heldur verndun \u00f3spilltrar n\u00e1tt\u00faru og umhverfis.<\/p>\n

Hugsun Galbraiths um efnahagsm\u00e1l snerist m.o.\u00f6. um samspil almannavaldsins og marka\u00f0saflanna. Hann s\u00fdndi ekki einasta fram \u00e1 takm\u00f6rk \u00feess, sem gr\u00f3\u00f0asj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 marka\u00f0safla gat leyst; heldur einnig, a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed f\u00f3r fjarri, a\u00f0 grundvallarforsenda frj\u00e1ls marka\u00f0skerfis, \u00fe.e. virk samkeppni, v\u00e6ri til sta\u00f0ar, \u00feegar h\u00e9r var komi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu. Sam\u00fej\u00f6ppun eignarhalds v\u00e6ri or\u00f0in sl\u00edk, a\u00f0 samkeppnin virka\u00f0i ekki \u00e1n \u00edhlutunar r\u00edkisvaldsins. \u00c9g f\u00e6 ekki betur s\u00e9\u00f0 en, a\u00f0 sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0, sem ritstj\u00f3ri \u00feessa bla\u00f0s er helsti talsma\u00f0ur fyrir \u00feessi misserin, s\u00e9u s\u00f3tt \u00ed smi\u00f0ju Galbraiths. Alla veg eru \u00feau mj\u00f6g \u00ed hans anda. \u00deessi grundvallarsj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 Galbraiths voru mikill \u00feyrnir \u00ed holdi \u00edhaldssamra r\u00e9tttr\u00fana\u00f0arhagfr\u00e6\u00f0inga \u00e1 hans t\u00ed\u00f0. \u00deeir fundu honum \u00fea\u00f0 l\u00edka til for\u00e1ttu, a\u00f0 hann var rith\u00f6fundur af gu\u00f0s n\u00e1\u00f0, sem kunni a\u00f0 gera fl\u00f3kin m\u00e1l skiljanleg, a\u00f0 minnsta kosti uppl\u00fdstum leikm\u00f6nnum, \u00feannig a\u00f0 b\u00e6kur hans um efnahagsm\u00e1l ur\u00f0u mets\u00f6lub\u00e6kur hver \u00e1 f\u00e6tur annarri. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3tti \u00f3fyrirgefanlegt.<\/p>\n

R\u00edkisvald og marka\u00f0ur.<\/h2>\n

\u00deessi \u00f3venjulega s\u00fdn Galbraiths \u00e1 innri ger\u00f0 og starfsh\u00e6tti hins amer\u00edska kapitalisma m\u00f3tu\u00f0ust \u00e1 str\u00ed\u00f0s\u00e1runum. Hin mikla gr\u00f3ttarkv\u00f6rn au\u00f0sk\u00f6punar amer\u00edsks kapitalisma haf\u00f0i, sem kunnugt er, br\u00e6tt \u00far s\u00e9r og lamast \u00e1 kreppu\u00e1runum. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00feurfti atbeina r\u00edkisvaldsins \u2013 \u201cNew Deal\u201d Roosevelts – til \u00feess a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta hj\u00f3l atvinnul\u00edfsins sn\u00faast \u00e1 n\u00fd. Samt var \u00fea\u00f0 ekki n\u00f3g. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00feurfti heila heimsstyrj\u00f6ld til. Str\u00ed\u00f0shagkerfi\u00f0 bandar\u00edska gekk fyrir \u00fe\u00f6rfum hersins, framlei\u00f0slan var margf\u00f6ldu\u00f0 og atvinnuleysi \u00fatr\u00fdmt. Menn \u00f3ttu\u00f0ust \u00f3vi\u00f0r\u00e1\u00f0anlega \u00f3\u00f0aver\u00f0b\u00f3lgu. Roosevelt ger\u00f0i Galbraith a\u00f0 ver\u00f0lagsstj\u00f3ra Amer\u00edku. Hann skellti \u00e1 ver\u00f0lagsh\u00f6mlum og ver\u00f0lagseftirliti, og var\u00f0 eiginlega h\u00e1lfhissa \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed sj\u00e1lfur, a\u00f0 \u00feetta sv\u00ednvirka\u00f0i. Hann uppg\u00f6tva\u00f0i, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 var h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 halda uppi fullri atvinnu og fullri n\u00fdtingu framlei\u00f0slugetunnar \u00e1n ver\u00f0b\u00f3lgu. \u00deetta var a\u00f0 v\u00edsu brot \u00e1 enn einni grundvallarkennisetningu hagfr\u00e6\u00f0innar. En hver var sk\u00fdringin? H\u00fan var s\u00fa, a\u00f0 s\u00f6gn Galbraiths, a\u00f0 st\u00f3rfyrirt\u00e6kin, me\u00f0 s\u00edna r\u00e1\u00f0andi marka\u00f0shlutdeild, voru v\u00f6n \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a ver\u00f0i\u00f0 (\u00fear sem samkeppni var engin e\u00f0a takm\u00f6rku\u00f0).\u201d\u00dea\u00f0 er tilt\u00f6lulega au\u00f0velt a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a ver\u00f0, sem \u00feegar hefur veri\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 me\u00f0 samr\u00e1\u00f0i.\u201d \u00dea\u00f0 sem \u00feurfti til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar var bara umbun e\u00f0a refsing.<\/p>\n

Hagfr\u00e6\u00f0i hand au\u00f0k\u00fdfingum.<\/h2>\n

Fyrsta b\u00f3k Galbraiths, sem n\u00e1\u00f0i almenningshylli, kom \u00fat \u00e1ri\u00f0 1952 og h\u00e9t: \u201cAmerican Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power\u201d. \u00dear h\u00e9lt Galbraith \u00fev\u00ed fram, a\u00f0 \u00fear sem virk samkeppni v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 mestu \u00far s\u00f6gunni \u00e1 helstu m\u00f6rku\u00f0um, yr\u00f0u a\u00f0rir a\u00f0 taka \u00e1 sig hlutverk eftirlitsskyldu og a\u00f0halds: Neytendur, st\u00e9ttarf\u00e9l\u00f6g og r\u00edkisvaldi\u00f0 sj\u00e1lft, sem fulltr\u00fai almannahagsmuna. \u00dea\u00f0 er a\u00f0 v\u00edsu l\u00edtil von til \u00feess, a\u00f0 st\u00e9ttarf\u00e9l\u00f6g geti gegnt \u00feessu hlutverki \u00ed bandar\u00edsku \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi, \u00fear sem einungis einn af hverjum t\u00edu vinnandi m\u00f6nnum eru me\u00f0limir verkal\u00fd\u00f0sf\u00e9laga, og handahafar r\u00edkisins telja \u00fea\u00f0 sitt helsta hlutverk a\u00f0 l\u00e6kka skatta \u00e1 hina ofurr\u00edku, \u00e1 sama t\u00edma og \u00fatgj\u00f6ld til v\u00edgb\u00fana\u00f0ar eru tv\u00f6f\u00f6ldu\u00f0.Galbraith sat sig ekki \u00far f\u00e6ri um a\u00f0 hafa skattastefnu \u00feeirra Reagan og Bush a\u00f0 h\u00e1\u00f0i og spotti. Hann sag\u00f0i, a\u00f0 hugmyndir \u00feeirra um a\u00f0 l\u00e6kka skatta hinna ofurr\u00edku, en skera ni\u00f0ur velfer\u00f0ar\u00fej\u00f3nustu til hinna f\u00e1t\u00e6ku, virtust vera bygg\u00f0ar \u00e1 \u00feeirri hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ikenningu, a\u00f0 hinir r\u00edku \u00feyrftu hvatningu til a\u00f0 leggja sig fram \u00ed formi meiri peninga, en h\u00e6tt v\u00e6ri vi\u00f0, a\u00f0 hinir f\u00e1t\u00e6ku mundu leggjast \u00ed leti, ef \u00feeir fengju meiri peninga. Hann t\u00f3k sem s\u00e9 humb\u00fakki\u00f0 ekki h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0lega og kunni a\u00f0 beita h\u00e1\u00f0inu, svo a\u00f0 undan svei\u00f0. Sj\u00e1lfur var\u00f0 \u00e9g vitni a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, hausti\u00f0 1976, \u00feegar \u00feeir leiddu saman hesta s\u00edna \u00ed \u201ceinv\u00edgi aldarinnar\u201d vi\u00f0 Harvard, Galbraith og Milton Freedman, h\u00f6fu\u00f0p\u00e1fi frj\u00e1lshyggjutr\u00fabo\u00f0sins.<\/p>\n

Endalok l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0is?<\/h2>\n

Galbraith var andlega virkur fram \u00ed andl\u00e1ti\u00f0. Vi\u00f0 upphaf \u00e1ratugar gr\u00e6\u00f0ginnar (1990), \u00feegar allir a\u00f0rir vegs\u00f6mu\u00f0u gr\u00f3\u00f0af\u00edknina sem drifkraft framfaranna, sendi hann fr\u00e1 s\u00e9r b\u00f3kina \u201cA Short History of Financial Euphoria\u201d, \u00fear sem hann rifja\u00f0i upp fr\u00e6gar s\u00f6gur fr\u00e1 fyrri t\u00ed\u00f0, \u00fear sem gr\u00e6\u00f0gin haf\u00f0i teymt menn \u00e1 asnaeyrum \u00fat \u00ed fj\u00e1rhagsleg kviksyndi. H\u00e1lfn\u00edr\u00e6\u00f0ur sendi hann fr\u00e1 s\u00e9r athyglisver\u00f0a b\u00f3k: \u201cThe Culture of Contentment\u201d (1992). S\u00fa b\u00f3k sta\u00f0festir ekki einasta gamalkunnar efasemdir h\u00f6fundar um \u00fea\u00f0, hvert \u00f3beislu\u00f0 og eftirlitslaus marka\u00f0s\u00f6fl muni a\u00f0 lokum lei\u00f0a okkur, heldur hefur b\u00e6st vi\u00f0 heldur b\u00f6ls\u00fdnisleg greining \u00e1 endalokum amer\u00edsks l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0is. Hann bendir \u00e1, a\u00f0 um e\u00f0a yfir helmingur kj\u00f3senda \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum m\u00e6tirekki \u00e1 kj\u00f6rsta\u00f0. \u00dear me\u00f0 hafa \u00feeir gefi\u00f0 upp alla von um, a\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 geti lengur \u00fej\u00f3na\u00f0 hagsmunum \u00feeirra. Fj\u00e1rmagni\u00f0 vir\u00f0ist hafa yfirteki\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0. Eignarhald \u00e1 fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0lum eru \u00ed h\u00f6ndum f\u00e1einna au\u00f0hringa, og fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0lum er \u00ed vaxandi m\u00e6li beitt \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu \u00feeirra. Frambj\u00f3\u00f0endur ver\u00f0a nau\u00f0ugir viljugir a\u00f0 beygja sig undir l\u00f6gm\u00e1l fj\u00e1r\u00f6flunar kosningabar\u00e1ttunnar. \u00deeir hafa ekki efni \u00e1 a\u00f0 styggja r\u00e1\u00f0andi \u00f6fl. \u00deeir eru flestir keyptir menn. L\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 er m\u00falbundi\u00f0 \u00e1 klafa s\u00e9rhagsmuna.
\nMeirihluti kj\u00f3senda skiptir ekki lengur m\u00e1li. \u00deeir sitja uppi \u00ed sl\u00f6mmunum me\u00f0 s\u00edna l\u00e9legu sk\u00f3la, sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 helsta lei\u00f0 \u00feeirra til a\u00f0 losna \u00far v\u00edtahring f\u00e1t\u00e6ktarinnar er a\u00f0 bj\u00f3\u00f0a sig fram \u00ed herinn, sem b\u00fd\u00f0ur \u00feeim upp \u00e1 s\u00e9rh\u00e6fingu og \u00fej\u00e1lfun og svolitla umbun fyrir a\u00f0 verja hagsmuni au\u00f0st\u00e9ttarinnar \u00ed hinu kalda str\u00ed\u00f0i, sem n\u00fa geisar um yfirr\u00e1\u00f0 yfir au\u00f0lindum jar\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n

Flestir h\u00f6fundar mega s\u00e6tta sig vi\u00f0, a\u00f0 hugmyndir \u00feeirra reynist skamml\u00edfar og standist l\u00edtt t\u00edmans t\u00f6nn, ekki s\u00edst \u00e1 byltingarkenndum breytingart\u00edmum. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00e1 ekki vi\u00f0 um Galbraith. Hugmyndir hans bl\u00edva, af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r voru aldrei t\u00edskuhugmyndir. Hann haf\u00f0i andlegt \u00ferek til a\u00f0 standa gegn r\u00edkjandi r\u00e9tttr\u00fana\u00f0i og afhj\u00fapa innihaldsleysi venjuviskunnar. \u00dea\u00f0 var hans h\u00f6fundarr\u00e9ttur.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Allsn\u00e6gta\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi\u00f0 (\u201cThe Affluent Society\u201d) eftir John Kenneth Galbraith kom \u00fat \u00e1ri\u00f0 1958. \u00dear me\u00f0 haf\u00f0i kvatt s\u00e9r hlj\u00f3\u00f0s ma\u00f0ur, sem \u00e1tti eftir a\u00f0 hafa m\u00f3tandi \u00e1hrif \u00e1 sko\u00f0anir margra af minni kynsl\u00f3\u00f0 um margt af \u00fev\u00ed, sem mestu m\u00e1li skipti \u00ed samt\u00edmanum. Galbraith var skarpskyggn hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur, heillandi rith\u00f6fundur og vel innr\u00e6ttur jafna\u00f0arma\u00f0ur \u2013 allt \u00ed s\u00f6mu pers\u00f3nunni. Hann var s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur \u00ed a\u00f0 afhj\u00fapa innist\u00e6\u00f0uleysi venjuviskunnar \u2013\u201c the conventional wisdom\u201d – en \u00fea\u00f0 er hugtak, sem hann \u00e1tti h\u00f6fundarr\u00e9ttinn a\u00f0. Hann l\u00e9st 29. apr\u00edl s.l., 97 \u00e1ra a\u00f0 aldri. Me\u00f0 honum er horfinn af sj\u00f3narsvi\u00f0inu einn \u00e1hrifar\u00edkasti fulltr\u00fai hinnar frj\u00e1lslyndu Amer\u00edku, sem afgangurinn af heiminum batt vonir vi\u00f0. \u00deess vegna er vert a\u00f0 minnast hans me\u00f0 nokkrum vel v\u00f6ldum or\u00f0um. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1135","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-allar_greinar","category-minningagreinar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1135","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1135"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1135\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2950,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1135\/revisions\/2950"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1135"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1135"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1135"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}