\u00deetta var r\u00famu \u00e1ri eftir 11. september, 2001. \u00c1r\u00e1s hry\u00f0juverkamanna \u00e1 tv\u00edburaturnana \u00ed New York og Pentagon \u00ed Washington. Bush, Bandar\u00edkjaforseti haf\u00f0i l\u00fdst yfir allsherjarstr\u00ed\u00f0i \u00e1 hendur hry\u00f0juverkam\u00f6nnum um lei\u00f0 og hann sag\u00f0i \u00edb\u00faum heimsins, a\u00f0 anna\u00f0 hvort st\u00e6\u00f0u \u00feeir me\u00f0 Bandar\u00edkjam\u00f6nnum, e\u00f0a \u00feeir v\u00e6ru me\u00f0 hry\u00f0juverkam\u00f6nnunum. \u00dear v\u00e6ri engin millilei\u00f0. \u00cd Bandar\u00edkjunum r\u00edkti \u00f3ttablandi\u00f0 andr\u00famsloft. Menn kepptust hver um anna \u00feveran a\u00f0 sanna \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0hollustu og f\u00f6\u00f0urlands\u00e1st; \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e1ninn blakti vi\u00f0 h\u00fan \u00fat \u00far hverjum glugga, og enginn dirf\u00f0ist a\u00f0 gagnr\u00fdna forsetann af \u00f3tta vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 vera brug\u00f0i\u00f0 um \u00f3\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0hollustu, linkind e\u00f0a jafnvel landr\u00e1\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 er a\u00f0 segja, allir nema einn: Dr. Sach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Sk\u00f6mmu efitr 11. sepember skrifa\u00f0i Dr. Sach grein \u00ed breska vikuriti\u00f0 Economist undir fyrirs\u00f6gninni: \u201cWeapons of Mass Salvation\u201d til andsvars vi\u00f0 frasann \u201cWeapons of Mass Destruction\u201d, sem \u00fe\u00e1 var \u00e1 allra v\u00f6rum. Og til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar str\u00ed\u00f0inu gegn hry\u00f0juverkum m\u00e6lti hann me\u00f0 str\u00ed\u00f0i gegn \u00f6rbirg\u00f0. \u00cd grein sinni \u2013 og \u00ed r\u00e6\u00f0unni \u00ed State Department \u2013 benti Dr. Sach \u00e1, a\u00f0 s\u00e1 sem vill vinna str\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0 gegn hry\u00f0juverkam\u00f6nnum me\u00f0 \u00e1rangri, ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 heyja anna\u00f0 str\u00ed\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum v\u00edgst\u00f6\u00f0vum, nefnilega str\u00ed\u00f0i gegn \u00f6rbirg\u00f0inni. Herna\u00f0ara\u00f0ger\u00f0ir einar og s\u00e9r duga ekki og eru d\u00e6mdar til a\u00f0 mistakast. L\u00e6knir sem berst gegn smitsj\u00fakd\u00f3mi l\u00e6tur s\u00e9r ekki n\u00e6gja a\u00f0 skrifa lyfse\u00f0il. Alveg eins og l\u00e6knir reynir a\u00f0 efla m\u00f3tst\u00f6\u00f0ukraaft l\u00edkamans me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 m\u00e6la me\u00f0 heilbrig\u00f0um l\u00edfsst\u00edl og hollri f\u00e6\u00f0u, ver\u00f0um vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0ast a\u00f0 r\u00f3tum meinsins \u00ed sj\u00fakum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9l\u00f6gum, sem eru gr\u00f3\u00f0rarst\u00eda hry\u00f0juverka: \u00f6rbirg\u00f0, skortur, fj\u00f6ldaatvinnuleysi og \u00f3fulln\u00e6g\u00f0ar \u00fearfir \u00e1 \u00f6llum svi\u00f0um og vonleysi um framt\u00ed\u00f0ina. Ni\u00f0url\u00e6gjandi l\u00edfskj\u00f6r lei\u00f0a til p\u00f3lit\u00edsks \u00f3st\u00f6\u00f0ugleika og eldfims stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1la\u00e1stands. Hvort heldur einstakir hry\u00f0juverkamenn eru sj\u00e1lfir r\u00edkir e\u00f0a snau\u00f0ir e\u00f0a af millist\u00e9ttarf\u00f3lki komnir, \u00fe\u00e1 \u00fer\u00edfast \u00feeir best \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9l\u00f6gum sem eru sj\u00fak: \u00dear sem hlutskipti f\u00f3lks einkennist af f\u00e1t\u00e6kt, menntunarleysi, fj\u00f6ldaatvinnuleysi og brostnum vonum, \u00fear sem frumst\u00e6\u00f0 mannr\u00e9ttindi eru ekki virt og l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegar umb\u00e6tur vir\u00f0ast \u00fatiloka\u00f0ar. S\u00e1 sem vill st\u00f6\u00f0va malar\u00edu ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 uppr\u00e6ta vaxtarskilyr\u00f0i smitberans.<\/p>\n
Komm\u00fanistar n\u00e1\u00f0u v\u00f6ldum \u00ed R\u00fasslandi \u00ed okt\u00f3ber 1917 vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r kringumst\u00e6\u00f0ur, a\u00f0 keisarad\u00e6mi\u00f0 hrundi \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar fyrra str\u00ed\u00f0s. Hitler komst til valda \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi 1933 \u00ed heimskreppu og vegna str\u00ed\u00f0sska\u00f0ab\u00f3ta langt umfram grei\u00f0slugetu \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0verja. Au\u00f0vita\u00f0 eru til d\u00e6mi um hry\u00f0juverk \u00f6fgah\u00f3pa (\u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi, \u00e1 \u00cdatl\u00edu, \u00e1 Sp\u00e1ni, N-\u00cdrlandi o.s.fr.), sem \u00fearfnast ekki sl\u00edkra sk\u00fdringa. En \u00feegar heilu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9l\u00f6gin sn\u00faast \u00e1 band me\u00f0 hry\u00f0juverkam\u00f6nnum, \u00fe\u00e1 er \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi\u00f0 sj\u00e1lft or\u00f0i\u00f0 sj\u00fakt.<\/p>\n
Lei\u00f0togar Bbndamanna \u00ed seinni heimstyrj\u00f6ld skildu vel samhengi milli \u00f6rbirg\u00f0ar og \u00f3st\u00f6\u00f0ugleika, fri\u00f0ar og efnahagsframfara, \u00feegar \u00feeir l\u00fdstu \u00fev\u00ed yfir, a\u00f0 \u201cfrelsi fr\u00e1 skorti \u201c v\u00e6ri eitt af fj\u00f3rum helstu str\u00ed\u00f0smarkmi\u00f0um \u00feeirra. Og lei\u00f0togar Bandar\u00edkjamanna, \u00feeir Truman og Marshall, eftir seinna str\u00ed\u00f0, skildu \u00feetta m\u00e6tavel, \u00feegar \u00feeir hrundu afsta\u00f0 Marshall a\u00f0sto\u00f0inni. Marshall a\u00f0sto\u00f0in var ekki gustukaverk; h\u00fan var \u00e1\u00e6tlun studd verulegu framkv\u00e6mdaf\u00e9 um a\u00f0 efla efnahagsframfarir \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu, hra\u00f0a uppbyggingu Evr\u00f3pu \u00far r\u00fastum str\u00ed\u00f0sins og draga \u00fear me\u00f0 \u00far fylgisvonum \u00f6fgah\u00f3pa. Efnahagsa\u00f0sto\u00f0 Bandar\u00edkjamanna vi\u00f0 str\u00ed\u00f0shrj\u00e1\u00f0ar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir eftir seinna str\u00ed\u00f0 nam 2% af \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arframlei\u00f0slu e\u00f0a tuttugu sinnum h\u00e6rra hlutfall af \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arframlei\u00f0slu en \u00f6ll efnahagsa\u00f0sto\u00f0 Bandar\u00edkjanna n\u00fa (0.2).<\/p>\n
Vi\u00f0 aldahv\u00f6rf f\u00f3r \u00edb\u00faafj\u00f6ldi jar\u00f0ar yfir sex milljar\u00f0amarki\u00f0. Ef vi\u00f0 l\u00edtum \u00e1 fj\u00f6lskyldumyndina \u00fat fr\u00e1 afkomuhorfum og l\u00edfsl\u00edkum blasir eftirfarandi mynd vi\u00f0:<\/p>\n
U.\u00fe.b. einn milljar\u00f0ur b\u00fdr \u00ed r\u00edkum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9l\u00f6gum, (ef vi\u00f0 teljum me\u00f0 nokkra tugi millj\u00f3na efnaf\u00f3lks, sem tilheyrir yfirst\u00e9tt svokalla\u00f0ra mi\u00f0tekju\u00fer\u00f3unarlanda. Annar milljar\u00f0ur (um sj\u00f6tti hluti jar\u00f0arb\u00faa) b\u00fdr vi\u00f0 algera \u00f6rbirg\u00f0. \u00deetta f\u00f3lk dregur fram l\u00edfi\u00f0 \u00e1 sj\u00e1lfs\u00feurftarb\u00faskap vi\u00f0 vaxandi skort og versnandi n\u00e1tt\u00faruskilyr\u00f0i. Hungur, vann\u00e6ring, sj\u00fakd\u00f3mar, menntunarleysi og skortur \u00e1 orku og samg\u00f6ngukerfum veldur \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 \u00feetta f\u00f3lk er d\u00e6mt utanveltu vi\u00f0 heimshagkerfi\u00f0. \u00dev\u00ed er fyrirmuna\u00f0 a\u00f0 nj\u00f3ta \u00ed nokkru \u00e1vaxta al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0av\u00e6dds heimshagkerfis; \u00feetta f\u00f3lk er ekki me\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fer\u00f3unard\u00e6minu. \u00deb\u00ed n\u00e6st er um einn og h\u00e1lfur milljar\u00f0ur f\u00e1t\u00e6kra \u00ed \u00fer\u00f3unarl\u00f6ndum, \u00fear sem tekjustigi\u00f0 m\u00e6list innan vi\u00f0 tveir dollarar \u00e1 dag. \u00deetta f\u00f3lk er f\u00e1t\u00e6kt. Munurinn \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed og hinum \u00f6rsnau\u00f0u er s\u00e1, a\u00f0 \u00feetta f\u00f3lk eygir von um b\u00e6ttan hag, a\u00f0 svo miklu leyti sem \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9l\u00f6gin, sem \u00fea\u00f0 b\u00fdr, \u00ed bj\u00f3\u00f0a upp \u00e1 \u00f6gn \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ri samf\u00e9lagsbyggingu (orku, samg\u00f6ngukerfi) og geta \u00fev\u00ed noti\u00f0 \u00e1vaxta af millir\u00edkjavi\u00f0skiptum og erlendri fj\u00e1rfestingu.
\nLoks eru um tveir og h\u00e1lfur milljar\u00f0ur \u00edb\u00faa hinna svok\u00f6llu\u00f0u mi\u00f0tekju\u00fer\u00f3unarlanda. Tekjustigi\u00f0 getur n\u00e1\u00f0 nokkrum \u00fe\u00fasundum dollara \u00e1 \u00e1ri. Flestir b\u00faa \u00ed borgum. Flestir eiga fyrir br\u00fdnustu l\u00edfsnau\u00f0synjum, og b\u00f6rn ganga \u00ed sk\u00f3la.<\/p>\n
Tveir og h\u00e1flur milljar\u00f0ur jar\u00f0arb\u00faa b\u00fdr m.\u00f6.o. \u00fdmist vi\u00f0 algera \u00f6rbirg\u00f0 (innan vi\u00f0 1 dollar \u00e1 dag) e\u00f0a s\u00e1ra f\u00e1t\u00e6kt (2 dollarar \u00e1 dag). \u00deetta er 40% jar\u00f0arb\u00faa. \u00deannig er \u00e1standi\u00f0 \u00ed heiminum \u00eddag. En hvert stefnir? Hefur hinum snau\u00f0u ekki f\u00e6kka\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e1ratugum al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0av\u00e6\u00f0ingar og marka\u00f0sv\u00e6\u00f0ingar, sem \u00e1tti a\u00f0 tryggja hagv\u00f6xt og lyfta \u00f6llum b\u00e1tum? Skv. t\u00f6lum Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0abankans hefur hinum \u00f6rsnau\u00f0u (innan vi\u00f0 1 dollar \u00e1dag) f\u00e6kka\u00f0 um 400.000.000 fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1981. \u00deegar n\u00e1nar er a\u00f0 g\u00e1\u00f0 er \u00feessi f\u00e6kkun n\u00e6r \u00f6ll \u00ed K\u00edna. Hinum f\u00e1t\u00e6ku (2 dollarar \u00e1 dag) hefur hins vegar fj\u00f6lga\u00f0 \u00e1 sama t\u00edma um 300.000.000. Ef liti\u00f0 er \u00e1 \u00fer\u00f3unarl\u00f6ndin sem heild, utan K\u00edna, stendur tala hinna f\u00e1t\u00e6ku \u00ed sta\u00f0. \u00deeim hefur f\u00e6kka\u00f0 \u00ed As\u00edu en fj\u00f6lga\u00f0 annars sta\u00f0ar. Til d\u00e6mis hefur fj\u00f6ldi \u00feeirra tv\u00f6faldast \u00ed Afr\u00edku.<\/p>\n
\u00de\u00f3tt \u00feessar t\u00f6lur segi f\u00e1tt um raunverulegt hlutskipti \u00feeirra 40% jar\u00f0arb\u00faa, sem b\u00faa vi\u00f0 \u00f6rbirg\u00f0 og f\u00e1t\u00e6kt, seegja \u00feessar t\u00f6lur samt heilmikla s\u00f6gu. Hvar hefurn\u00e1\u00f0s \u00e1rangur? \u00cd As\u00edu, og \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00e9r lagi \u00ed K\u00edna, svo um munar. Hva\u00f0 svo sem segja m\u00e1 um stj\u00f3rnarfar komm\u00fanista \u00ed K\u00edna er eitt v\u00edst: K\u00ednverjar hafa ekki fari\u00f0 eftir allsherjarform\u00falu Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0agjaldeyrissj\u00f3\u00f0sins (IMF) um a\u00f0 draga \u00far r\u00edkisafskiptum og a\u00f0 marka\u00f0s- og einkav\u00e6\u00f0a allt. Efnahags\u00fer\u00f3unin \u00ed K\u00edna samkv\u00e6mt hef\u00f0um As\u00edum\u00f3delsins, st\u00fdrt af \u00f6flugu mi\u00f0stj\u00f3rnarvaldi r\u00edkisins. Gr\u00ed\u00f0arlegum er vari\u00f0 til fj\u00e1rfestingar \u00e1 vegum r\u00edkisins \u00ed menntun og samf\u00e9lagsbyggingu (orku, samg\u00f6ngukerfi). K\u00ednverjar hafa vissulega noti\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0s af erlendum fj\u00e1rfestingum (um 10% af fj\u00e1rfestinum yfir landam\u00e6ri) og t\u00e6knitif\u00e6rslum. En allt er \u00feetta undir stj\u00f3rn og eftirliti og str\u00f6ngum takm\u00f6rkunum, t.d. a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er var\u00f0ar fj\u00e1rmagnsflutninga.<\/p>\n
En hvar hefur helst mistekist a\u00f0 \u00f6rva hagv\u00f6xt og draga \u00far f\u00e1t\u00e6kt? \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00ed Afr\u00edku, \u00fear sem fj\u00f6ldi hinna \u00f6rsnau\u00f0u og f\u00e1t\u00e6ku hefur tv\u00f6faldast og \u00ed l\u00f6ndum S-Amer\u00edku \u00fear sem hagv\u00f6xtur hefur veri\u00f0 n\u00e1nast enginn \u00e1 s.l. \u00e1ratug og ekki hefur tekist a\u00f0 brj\u00f3ta sk\u00f6r\u00f0 \u00ed fylkingar hinna f\u00e1t\u00e6ku. Og \u00fea\u00f0 eru einmitt \u00feessi skuldugu \u00fer\u00f3unarr\u00edki, sem veri\u00f0 hafa \u00ed gj\u00f6rg\u00e6slu Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0agjaldeyrisstj\u00f3\u00f0sins allt t\u00edmabili\u00f0. Nau\u00f0ug violjum hafa \u00feau \u00fev\u00ed or\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 fylgja fram einstrengingslegri form\u00falu sj\u00f3\u00f0sins um lei\u00f0ina til sj\u00e1lfshj\u00e1lpar. H\u00fan hefur falist \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 minnka umsvif r\u00edkisins og draga \u00far r\u00edkis\u00fatgj\u00f6ldum; a\u00f0 opna fyrir frj\u00e1ls vi\u00f0skipti og fj\u00e1rmagnsflutninga. Og a\u00f0 einkav\u00e6\u00f0a n\u00e1nast allt, sem h\u00e6gt var a\u00f0 koma \u00ed ver\u00f0. Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an er s\u00fa, eftir tveggja \u00e1ratuga tilraunastarfsemi, a\u00f0 \u00ed sext\u00edu \u00feessara r\u00edkja \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arframlei\u00f0sla \u00e1 mann l\u00e6gri a\u00f0 raungildi en h\u00fan var 1979. \u00deetta frj\u00e1lshyggjutr\u00fabo\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 keyrt \u00fat \u00ed hreinar \u00f6fgar. Jeoffrey Sach l\u00fdsir \u00fev\u00ed me\u00f0 eftirfarandi or\u00f0um:
\n\u201cR\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnir margra Afr\u00edkur\u00edkja hafa m\u00e1tt sitja undir l\u00e1tlausum fyrirlestrum fulltr\u00faa Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0abankans s.l. tvo \u00e1ratugi um a\u00f0 einkav\u00e6\u00f0a heilbrig\u00f0is\u00fej\u00f3nustuna; e\u00f0a a.m.k. a\u00f0 krefjast \u00fej\u00f3nustugjalda fyrir sk\u00f3lag\u00f6ngu og heilbrig\u00f0is\u00fej\u00f3nustu. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 flest h\u00e1tekjul\u00f6ndin \u00ed h\u00f3pi hluthafa bankans (fyrir utan Bandar\u00edkin) tryggja \u00f6llum \u00feegnum s\u00ednum a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 heibrig\u00f0is\u00fej\u00f3nustu \u00e1n tillits til efnahags og bj\u00f3\u00f0a upp \u00e1 opinber sk\u00f3lakerfi, sem tryggir f\u00f3lki a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 menntun, \u00e1n gjaldt\u00f6ku.\u201d (bls. 82). \u00dea\u00f0 var me\u00f0 valdat\u00f6ku Reagans \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum og Thatcher \u00ed Bretlandi, sem \u00feetta hagfr\u00e6\u00f0iheimatr\u00fabo\u00f0 frj\u00e1lshyggjunnar var gert a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0andi r\u00e9tttr\u00fana\u00f0i \u00ed fj\u00e1rmalastofnunum heimsins, undir forystu Bandar\u00edkjamanna. \u00deetta \u00e1 einkum vi\u00f0 um Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0agjaldeyrissj\u00f3\u00f0inn og Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0abankann og s\u00ed\u00f0ar meir innan Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0avi\u00f0skiptastofnunarinnar (WTO), \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00fer\u00f3unarr\u00edkin hafi \u00fear \u00ed vaxandi m\u00e6li teki\u00f0 til varna \u00e1 allra seinustu \u00e1rum. Samkv\u00e6mt r\u00e9tttr\u00fana\u00f0inum var bo\u00f0ska\u00f0ur r\u00edku \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna til hinna f\u00e1t\u00e6ku \u00feessi:
\n\u201cF\u00e1t\u00e6ktin er sj\u00e1lfum ykkur a\u00f0 kenna. \u00dei\u00f0 eigi\u00f0 a\u00f0 vera eins og vi\u00f0, e\u00f0a eins og vi\u00f0 teljum a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 s\u00e9um \u2013 frj\u00e1ls og opin marka\u00f0shagkefi, \u00fear sem r\u00edki\u00f0 stendur ekki \u00ed vegi fyrir framr\u00e1s marka\u00f0saflanna. Ef \u00fei\u00f0 geri\u00f0 eins og vi\u00f0, \u00fe\u00e1 muni\u00f0 \u00fei\u00f0 uppskera eins og til er s\u00e1\u00f0 \u2013 \u00f6ran hagv\u00f6xt, sem a\u00f0 lokum seitlar ni\u00f0ur til allra. Ef \u00fei\u00f0 \u00feurfi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00ferengja beltin (dulm\u00e1l fyrir l\u00e6kkun r\u00edkis\u00fatgjalda til menntunar, heilsug\u00e6slu og samf\u00e9lagsbyggingar) \u00fe\u00e1 er \u00fea\u00f0 ver\u00f0i\u00f0, e\u00f0a t\u00edmabundin f\u00f3rn, sem \u00fei\u00f0 ver\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 borga fyrir hagv\u00f6xtinn, sem einkageirinn f\u00e6rir \u00f6llum a\u00f0 lokum.\u201d Um \u00feetta segir Jeoffrey Sach:
\n\u201cVestr\u00e6nar r\u00edkissstj\u00f3rnir \u00fer\u00f6ngvu\u00f0u \u00feessum harmkv\u00e6la\u00e1\u00e6tlunum upp \u00e1 r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnir \u00ed Afr\u00edku milli 1980-2000. Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0agjaldeyrissj\u00f3\u00f0urinn og Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0abankinn r\u00e9\u00f0u efnahagsstefnu r\u00e9\u00f0u efnahagsstefnu \u00feessara landa og settu skilyr\u00f0i um \u201ckerfisbundin umb\u00f3tapr\u00f3gr\u00f6m \u2013 SAP s). \u00deessar \u00e1\u00e6tlanir bygg\u00f0u ekki \u00e1 neinum v\u00edsindaranns\u00f3knum og skilu\u00f0u litlum \u00e1rangri. \u00cd upphafi 21. aldar var Afr\u00edka f\u00e1t\u00e6kari en h\u00fan haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00e1 sj\u00f6unda \u00e1ratugnum, \u00feegar Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0abankinn og Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0agjaldeyrissj\u00f3\u00f0urinn birtust fyrst \u00e1 vettvangi. S\u00ed\u00f0an hafa f\u00f3lksfj\u00f6lgum, sj\u00fakd\u00f3msfaraldrar og umhverfisspilling vaxi\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnlaust.\u201d<\/p>\n
Eftir fall Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjanna keyr\u00f0i frj\u00e1lshyggjutr\u00fabo\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00fat \u00ed hreinar \u00f6fgar. En segir Sach:
\n\u201cFrj\u00e1lshyggjutr\u00fabo\u00f0arnir leiddu r\u00f6ksemdaf\u00e6rslu s\u00edna um yfirbur\u00f0i marka\u00f0saflanna a\u00f0 lokum \u00fat \u00ed hreinar \u00f6fgar, sem studdist hvorki vi\u00f0 d\u00f3m sta\u00f0reynda n\u00e9 reynslu n\u00e9 hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega r\u00f6kv\u00edsi. \u00deeir h\u00e9ldu \u00fev\u00ed fram, a\u00f0 marka\u00f0slausnir hef\u00f0u yfirbur\u00f0i alls sta\u00f0ar, ekki bara \u00ed framlei\u00f0slugeirum hagkerfisins, svo sem \u00ed landb\u00fana\u00f0i,verksmi\u00f0jurekstri e\u00f0a \u00fej\u00f3nustu, heldur einnig \u00feegar k\u00e6mi a\u00f0 heilsug\u00e6slu, menntun, f\u00e9lagslegu \u00f6ryggi og grunn\u00fej\u00f3nustu, l\u00edkt og vatnsveitum, orkuframlei\u00f0slu og dreifingu, og samg\u00f6ngukerfi. Ef v\u00f6xturinn l\u00e9t \u00e1 s\u00e9r standa, var r\u00edkisvaldinu um kennt; \u00dea\u00f0 \u00feurfti a\u00f0 afnema reglur og eftirlit og einkav\u00e6\u00f0a meira. \u00deeir h\u00e9ldu \u00fev\u00ed fram fullum fetum, a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3unara\u00f0sto\u00f0 v\u00e6ri ekki einasta \u00f3\u00fe\u00f6rf heldur beinl\u00ednis ska\u00f0leg (h\u00fan g\u00e6ti tafi\u00f0 fyrir marka\u00f0sv\u00e6\u00f0ingunni). Allt sem \u00feyrfit til a\u00f0 tryggja hagv\u00f6xtinn v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 opna ogeinkav\u00e6\u00f0a.\u201d( Bls. 318).<\/p>\n
D\u00f3mur reynslunnar sty\u00f0ur hins vegar ekki kenninguna. Samkv\u00e6mt kenningunni eiga \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9l\u00f6g me\u00f0 l\u00e1gmarksr\u00edkisafskipti, opin hagkerfi og v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6ka einkav\u00e6\u00f0ingu a\u00f0 skila \u00f6rum hagvexti. Hin, sem b\u00faa vi\u00f0 \u00f6flugt r\u00edkisvald, h\u00e1a skatta og opinberar fj\u00e1rfestingar \u00ed menntun, heilsug\u00e6slu og samf\u00e9lagsnet, eftirlit me\u00f0 m\u00f6rku\u00f0um og takmarkanir \u00e1 frj\u00e1lsu fl\u00e6\u00f0i fj\u00e1rmagns, a\u00f0 skila litlum hagvexti.
\nReynslan segir einatt anna\u00f0.<\/p>\n
Lok \u00e1 fyrri hluta sp\u00f3lu 1.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Hausti\u00f0 2002 s\u00f3tti \u00e9g m\u00e1l\u00feing \u00ed utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0uneyti Bandar\u00edkjanna \u00ed Washington undir heitinu: Secretary\u00b4s Forum. Gestgjafinn var Colin Powel, utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0herra, sem kynnti gestafyrirlesarann, Dr. Jeffrey Sachs, pr\u00f3fessor, nokkrum vel v\u00f6ldum or\u00f0um. Dr. Sach hefur \u00e1 s.l. 20 \u00e1rum veri\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0unautur r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rna um efnahags\u00fer\u00f3un og hagstj\u00f3rn \u00ed S-Amer\u00edku, A-Evr\u00f3pu, As\u00edu og Afr\u00edku. Kofi Annan, a\u00f0alritari Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna haf\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e1 n\u00fdlega skipa\u00f0 Dr. Sach r\u00e1\u00f0gjafa sinn um a\u00f0 hrinda \u00ed framkv\u00e6md lofor\u00f0um \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arlei\u00f0toga heimsins um a\u00f0 uppr\u00e6ta \u00f6rbirg\u00f0 \u00ed heiminum a\u00f0 h\u00e1lfu fyrir 2015. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1157","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-allar_greinar","category-greinar_og_vidtol"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1157","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1157"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1157\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2972,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1157\/revisions\/2972"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1157"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1157"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1157"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}