F\u00eddusinn var \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed f\u00f3lginn a\u00f0 \u00e1rangurstengj<\/i>a umbun forstj\u00f3ranna. Forstj\u00f3ranum bar samkv\u00e6mt kenningunni a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rna me\u00f0 eitt a\u00f0 markmi\u00f0i: A\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda og h\u00e6kka ver\u00f0gildi hlutabr\u00e9fa. Til \u00feess a\u00f0 halda forstj\u00f3runum vi\u00f0 efni\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3tti r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 beintengja umbun \u00feeirra vi\u00f0 hlutabr\u00e9fav\u00edsit\u00f6luna \u00ed kauph\u00f6llinni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00dear me\u00f0 h\u00f3fst mikil gull\u00f6ld me\u00f0 kaupaukum og b\u00f3nusum og m\u00f6rghundru\u00f0f\u00f6ldum launamun e\u00f0a lystaukandi starfslokasamningum ella. \u00deetta breytti hversdagslegri i\u00f0ju endursko\u00f0andans \u00ed skapandi listgrein sem snerist um a\u00f0 hagr\u00e6\u00f0a og fegra afkomuna til a\u00f0 auka tiltr\u00fana \u00ed kauph\u00f6llinni. Allt var\u00f0 leyfilegt \u00ed \u00feessum leik til a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3na hinu h\u00e1leita markmi\u00f0i: Innherjabr\u00e6\u00f0ralag, s\u00fdndarviskipti og endalaus vi\u00f0skiptavild. N\u00fdtt bl\u00f3maskei\u00f0 b\u00f3fakapitalisman<\/i>s var hafi\u00f0 \u00e1 traustum fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum grundvelli.<\/p>\n
A\u00f0 v\u00edsu h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00feeir Scholes og Merton varla fyrr teki\u00f0 vi\u00f0 N\u00f3belsver\u00f0launum s\u00ednum en As\u00edukreppan skall \u00e1 og kollvarpa\u00f0i gerviv\u00edsindunum \u00e1 einni n\u00f3ttu. Af einhverjum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um f\u00f3rst \u00fe\u00f3 fyrir a\u00f0 afturkalla N\u00f3belsver\u00f0launin. Flestum ber s\u00ed\u00f0an saman um a\u00f0 r\u00f6kr\u00e9tt ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a \u00feessarar fr\u00e6\u00f0igreinar hafi birst heiminum \u00ed uppgangi og falli einhvers mesta s\u00fdndarvi\u00f0skiptarisa heimskapitalismans sem a\u00f0 lokum helga\u00f0i s\u00e9r s\u00e9rstakan kafla \u00ed heims\u00f6gunni undir heitinu: ENRON.<\/p>\n
\u00cdslenskir sj\u00f3nvarps\u00e1horfendur nutu \u00feess n\u00fa \u00ed skammdeginu a\u00f0 mega l\u00edta inn \u00ed hugarheim fj\u00e1rpl\u00f3gsmannanna sem voru s\u00f6guhetjurnar \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed skamm\u00e6ja \u00e6vint\u00fdri. Og hva\u00f0 s\u00e1u \u00feeir? \u00deeir s\u00e1u spegilmynd \u00edslensks samf\u00e9lags \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu fr\u00e1 einkav\u00e6\u00f0ingu banka upp \u00far aldam\u00f3tum fram a\u00f0 hruninu \u00ed okt\u00f3ber 2008. \u00dea\u00f0 var \u00fejo\u00f0f\u00e9lag \u00ed anda n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjunnar. \u00dea\u00f0 var skr\u00edpamynd hins amer\u00edska kapitalisma. \u00dea\u00f0 var \u00f3jafna\u00f0ar\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi<\/i>\u00f0 sem er hin r\u00f6kr\u00e9tta ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a af \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagss\u00fdn frj\u00e1lshyggjutr\u00fabo\u00f0anna.<\/p>\n
Eitt helsta einkenni n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjunnar \u00ed praks\u00eds er s\u00edvaxandi \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur milli r\u00edkra og f\u00e1t\u00e6kra, innan \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9laga og milli r\u00edkra og f\u00e1t\u00e6kra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9laga \u00e1 heimsv\u00edsu. Samkv\u00e6mt l\u00f6gm\u00e1li marka\u00f0arins safnast au\u00f0urinn s\u00edfellt \u00e1 \u00e6 f\u00e6rri hendur. \u00cd heimi \u00fear sem gr\u00f3\u00f0i eignarhaldsf\u00e9laga hinna ofurr\u00edku leynist eins og faldir fj\u00e1rsj\u00f3\u00f0ir \u00e1 ey\u00f0ieyjum er talnaefni, sem t\u00edundar \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0inn \u00e1 rauns\u00e6jan h\u00e1tt vafalaust mj\u00f6g \u00e1f\u00e1tt. En t\u00f6kum d\u00e6mi af Bandar\u00edkjunum \u2013 h\u00e1borg kap\u00edtalismans \u2013 fr\u00e1 valdat\u00f6ku Reagans fram \u00ed seinna kj\u00f6rt\u00edmabil Bush junior.<\/p>\n
\u00c1 \u00feessu t\u00edmabili (1980-2006) jukust framtaldar tekjur \u00feeirra sem tilheyra toppt\u00edund \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsstigans \u00far 34% \u00ed 46% heildartekna. Hlutdeild \u00feeirra \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0artekjunum j\u00f3kst um 1\/3. En \u00fea\u00f0 segir ekki alla s\u00f6guna. \u00dev\u00ed sem n\u00e6st allur tekjuauki \u00feeirra, sem tilheyra toppt\u00edundinni, kom \u00ed hlut hinna ofurr\u00edku. Hinir ofurr\u00edku eru innan vi\u00f0 1% framteljenda. Og \u00feegar betur er a\u00f0 g\u00e1\u00f0 eru \u00fea\u00f0 \u00feessir ofurr\u00edk, sem tilheyra 1% framteljenda, sem eiga br\u00f3\u00f0urpart au\u00f0sins: \u00ed \u00feeirra hlut kemur 62% af \u00f6llum \u00fatgreiddum ar\u00f0i; 51% af ver\u00f0m\u00e6ti hlutabr\u00e9faeignar; og 70% af \u00f6llum au\u00f0i \u00ed formi skulda- og ver\u00f0br\u00e9fa.<\/p>\n
\u00dea\u00f0 var \u00e1 \u00feessu t\u00edmabili sem launamunur innan bandar\u00edskra st\u00f3rfyrirt\u00e6kja n\u00e1\u00f0i \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a einn \u00e1 m\u00f3ti 460. \u00cdslendingar n\u00e1lgu\u00f0ust fyrirmyndina a\u00f0 v\u00edsu me\u00f0 \u00f3gnarhra\u00f0a. Einu sinni ofbau\u00f0 Stef\u00e1ni J\u00f3nssyni, f\u00f6\u00f0ur ofur-K\u00e1ra, a\u00f0 launamunur \u00e1 \u00cdslandi taldist vera or\u00f0inn einn \u00e1 m\u00f3ti sex. Stef\u00e1n, sem var um skei\u00f0 \u00feingma\u00f0ur Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubandalagsins, flutti till\u00f6gu um a\u00f0 l\u00f6gbinda launamuninn einn \u00e1 m\u00f3ti \u00feremur (1:3), jafnt \u00e1 sj\u00f3 og landi. \u00c1ri fyrir hrun telst launamunur \u00e1 \u00cdslandi hafa n\u00e1\u00f0 1 \u00e1 m\u00f3ti 360. \u00c1rangurstengt,vitaskuld!<\/p>\n
Dr. Stef\u00e1n \u00d3lafsson, pr\u00f3fessor, hefur \u00f6\u00f0rum fremur rannsaka\u00f0 tekjudreifinguna h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi \u00e1 undanf\u00f6rnum frj\u00e1lshyggju\u00e1ratug. \u00cd fyrirlestri, sem hann flutti \u00feann 5. mars s.l. komu fram eftirfarandi uppl\u00fdsingar: \u00c1ri\u00f0 1993 haf\u00f0i tekjuh\u00e6sta 1% \u00edslenskra hj\u00f3na 4.2% af heildartekjum allra hj\u00f3na. \u00deetta hlutfall var or\u00f0i\u00f0 19.8% \u00e1ri\u00f0 2007. R\u00edkustu t\u00edu prosentin f\u00f3ru \u00far \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hafa r\u00fam 20% samanlag\u00f0ra heildartekna allra, \u00ed a\u00f0 hafa t\u00e6p 40% \u00feeirra. \u00c1 sama t\u00edma hafa \u00fev\u00ed allir a\u00f0rir, hin 90%, fari\u00f0 \u00far \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hafa 78.2% af heildartekjunum \u00ed a\u00f0 hafa 60.6%.<\/p>\n
R\u00edkasta pr\u00f3senti\u00f0 (hj\u00f3n) haf\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2007 a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i 18.2 millj\u00f3nir \u00ed tekjur \u00e1 m\u00e1nu\u00f0i. \u00deetta eru 615 fj\u00f6lskyldur \u00dea\u00f0 voru \u00fev\u00ed ekki bara 30 \u00f3ligarkar sem sk\u00f6mmtu\u00f0u s\u00e9r ofurlaun h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi \u00e1 \u00e1runum fyrir hrun. \u00c1lyktunaror\u00f0 Stef\u00e1ns \u00d3lafsson af talnaefninu, sem hann kynnti \u00ed fyrirlestrum s\u00ednum voru, \u201ca\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 finna einhverja r\u00f3tt\u00e6kustu frj\u00e1lshyggjumenn Vesturheims.\u201d \u00c1 sama fundi kom \u00fea\u00f0 fram \u00ed m\u00e1li Indri\u00f0a H. \u00deorl\u00e1kssonar, fv. r\u00edkisskattstj\u00f3ra, a\u00f0 \u201ctekjujafna\u00f0ndi \u00e1hrif skattkerfisins hafi l\u00edka minnka\u00f0 um n\u00e6stum \u00be hluta s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1ri\u00f0 1993.<\/p>\n
Eftir \u00e1 a\u00f0 hyggja ber flestum saman um a\u00f0 \u00f3jafna\u00f0ar\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi\u00f0 \u00edslenska eigi r\u00e6tur a\u00f0 rekja til gjafakv\u00f3takerfisins og \u00feeirra a\u00f0fer\u00f0a sem beitt var vi\u00f0 einkav\u00e6\u00f0ingu bankanna. Fyrst um gjafakv\u00f3tann. Kv\u00f3takerfinu var upphaflega komi\u00f0 \u00e1 af illri nau\u00f0syn til \u00feess a\u00f0 hamla ofvei\u00f0i og draga \u00far s\u00f3kn \u00ed ofn\u00fdtta fiskistofna. \u00dear me\u00f0 t\u00f3k r\u00edki\u00f0 a\u00f0 s\u00e9r a\u00f0 st\u00fdra s\u00f3kn \u00ed nafni v\u00edsindalegrar verndar fiskistofna.<\/p>\n
R\u00edki\u00f0 \u00fathlutar vei\u00f0iheimildum. \u00dea\u00f0 leyfir sumum en bannar um lei\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum. \u00dear me\u00f0 er r\u00edki\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 sk\u00f6mmtunarra\u00f0ili mikilla ver\u00f0m\u00e6ta. Tilkoma kv\u00f3takerfisins olli \u00ed upphafi miklum deilum. Vi\u00f0 jafna\u00f0armenn vildum fr\u00e1 upphafi a\u00f0 vei\u00f0iheimildirnar yr\u00f0u anna\u00f0 hvort bo\u00f0nar upp e\u00f0a a\u00f0 \u00feeir, sem fengu n\u00fdtingarr\u00e9tt \u00e1 au\u00f0lindinni, greiddu fyrir au\u00f0lindagjald. Vi\u00f0 vorum \u00ed algerum minnihluta.<\/p>\n
Vi\u00f0 n\u00e1\u00f0um samt a\u00f0 l\u00f6gfesta \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed 1. gr. fiskvei\u00f0istj\u00f3rnarlaganna a\u00f0 fiskistofnarnir voru l\u00fdstir sameign \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar. \u00deegar meirihluti al\u00feingis l\u00f6gfesti framsal vei\u00f0iheimilda, n\u00e1\u00f0um vi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed fram, a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ari t\u00edma breytingar \u00e1 \u00fathlutun vei\u00f0iheimilda, muni aldrei baka r\u00edkinu ska\u00f0ab\u00f3\u00f0askyldu. Me\u00f0 \u00feessu \u00fe\u00f3ttumst vi\u00f0 hafa tryggt a\u00f0 t\u00edmabundinn afnotar\u00e9ttur kv\u00f3tahafa g\u00e6ti ekki , me\u00f0 hef\u00f0arr\u00e9tti, unni\u00f0 s\u00e9r sess sem fullgildur eignar\u00e9ttur. Einnig a\u00f0 n\u00fdr \u00feingmeirihluti g\u00e6ti hven\u00e6r sem er, afturkalla\u00f0 vei\u00f0iheimildirnar og krafist gjaldt\u00f6ku fyrir \u00fe\u00e6r.<\/p>\n
\u00deetta m\u00e1l hefur aldrei veri\u00f0 til lykta leitt. \u00dea\u00f0 er sk\u00fdrt d\u00e6mi um si\u00f0lausa stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslu. \u00dea\u00f0 er me\u00f0 \u00f3l\u00edkindum a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rns\u00fdsla, sem sn\u00fdst um n\u00fdtingu helstu au\u00f0linda \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar, skuli brj\u00f3ta grundvallarreglur sj\u00e1lfrar stj\u00f3rnskipunarinnar, sj\u00e1lfa jafnr\u00e6\u00f0isregluna \u2013 um a\u00f0 allir menn skuli jafnir fyrir l\u00f6gunum \u2013 og \u00fe\u00e1 grein stj\u00f3rnaskr\u00e1rinnar, sem kve\u00f0ur \u00e1 um atvinnufrelsi manna. Gjafakv\u00f3takerfi\u00f0 gat hugsanlega sta\u00f0ist skamma hr\u00ed\u00f0 \u00e1 grundvelli ney\u00f0arr\u00e9ttar. En \u00fea\u00f0 kann ekki g\u00f3\u00f0ri lukku a\u00f0 st\u00fdra a\u00f0 sk\u00f6mmtunarkerfi af \u00feessu tagi, sem byggir \u00e1 p\u00f3lit\u00edskri hyglingu \u00e1 gr\u00ed\u00f0arlegum ver\u00f0m\u00e6tum, skuli vera leyft a\u00f0 eitra \u00fat fr\u00e1 s\u00e9r \u00e1ratugum saman. Gr\u00ed\u00f0arlegir fj\u00e1rmunir hafa veri\u00f0 soga\u00f0ir \u00fat \u00far sj\u00e1var\u00fatveginum \u00ed krafti \u00feessa kerfis. \u00deannig ur\u00f0u fyrstu \u00f3l\u00edgarkarnir til \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, r\u00e9tt eins og \u00ed R\u00fasslandi, \u00ed skj\u00f3li p\u00f3lit\u00edskrar spillingar.<\/p>\n
Um einkav\u00e6\u00f0ingu banka er svipa\u00f0a s\u00f6gu a\u00f0 segja: Upphafleg \u00e1form um dreif\u00f0a eignara\u00f0ild og a\u00f0komu erlendra banka til a\u00f0 tryggja samkeppni, voru l\u00e1tin l\u00f6nd og lei\u00f0. \u00cd sta\u00f0inn var einkav\u00e6\u00f0ing r\u00edkisbankanna framkv\u00e6md samkv\u00e6mt venjuhelga\u00f0ri hemingaskiptareglu Sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0is- og Frams\u00f3knarflokks: Einn handa m\u00e9r, annan handa \u00fe\u00e9r. Br\u00e9f Steingr\u00edms Ara Arasonar, \u00fear sem hann segir sig \u00far einkav\u00e6\u00f0ingarnefnd \u00ed andm\u00e6laskyni vi\u00f0 p\u00f3lit\u00edska forr\u00e6\u00f0ishyggju af \u00feessu tagi, er s\u00f6gulegt skjal. \u00dea\u00f0 segir allt sem segja \u00fearf um \u00feetta m\u00e1l.<\/p>\n
\u00dea\u00f0 sem \u00e1 eftir f\u00f3r er sorgarsaga \u00edslenska l\u00fd\u00f0veldisins. Samkeppni hinna einkav\u00e6ddu banka um marka\u00f0shlutdeild \u00e1 heimamarka\u00f0i breyttist br\u00e1tt \u00ed samkeppni um erlenda l\u00e1nsfj\u00e1r\u00f6flun \u00e1 l\u00e1gum v\u00f6xtum. Br\u00e1tt breyttust bankarnir \u00far vi\u00f0skiptab\u00f6nkum \u00ed vogunarsj\u00f3\u00f0i, sem steyptu s\u00e9r \u00ed erlendar skuldir. \u00dea\u00f0 var fullkomlega \u00e1byrg\u00f0arlaust, \u00ed lj\u00f3si \u00feess a\u00f0 innlendur se\u00f0labanki var \u00f3f\u00e6r um a\u00f0 vera l\u00e1nveitandi til \u00ferautavara \u00ed erlendum gjaldeyri.<\/p>\n
\u00dea\u00f0 t\u00f3k \u00fatr\u00e1sarv\u00edkingana a\u00f0eins sex \u00e1r a\u00f0 steypa hinum einkav\u00e6ddu b\u00f6nkum fyrir bj\u00f6rg og a\u00f0 draga \u00edslenska l\u00fd\u00f0veldi\u00f0 me\u00f0 s\u00e9r \u00ed fallinu. Grundvallarspurningum um a\u00f0ger\u00f0aleysi r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rna og eftirlitsstofnana er enn \u00ed dag \u00f3svara\u00f0. Voru \u00feetta mist\u00f6k, \u00fea\u00f0 er a\u00f0 segja vanh\u00e6fni og kunn\u00e1ttuleysi? E\u00f0a voru \u00feeir menn sem hlut \u00e1ttu a\u00f0 m\u00e1li slegnir blindu galinnar hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i, sem kenndi \u00feeim a\u00f0 \u00feeir v\u00e6ru \u00e1 r\u00e9ttri lei\u00f0. Allt v\u00e6ri eins og vera bar \u00ed \u00fat\u00f3p\u00edu frj\u00e1lshyggjunnar.<\/p>\n
\u00cd handb\u00f3k um fj\u00e1ram\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i segir \u00e1 einum sta\u00f0 a\u00f0 besta lei\u00f0in til a\u00f0 r\u00e6na banka s\u00e9 a\u00f0 eiga banka. Eftir hrun hefur komi\u00f0 \u00e1 daginn, a\u00f0 einn \u00f3l\u00edgarkanna og fyrirt\u00e6ki honum tengd hl\u00f3\u00f0u upp skuldum sem n\u00e1mu 900 millj\u00f6r\u00f0um kr\u00f3na. \u00dea\u00f0 eru um 10% af erlendum skuldum bankanna. \u00cdslensk heimili eru sem kunnugt hin skuldugustu \u00ed heiminum. Samt nema allar erlendar skuldir \u00feeirra ekki nema e 1.6% af skuldum bankanna.<\/p>\n
\u00d6ll \u00feau fj\u00e1rm\u00e1latrikk, sem a\u00f0 lokum ur\u00f0u ENRON a\u00f0 falli vir\u00f0ast hafa veri\u00f0 leikin h\u00e9r me\u00f0 til\u00ferifum. \u00d3l\u00edgarkarnir notu\u00f0u eignarhald sitt \u00e1 b\u00f6nkum til \u00feess a\u00f0 l\u00e1na sj\u00e1lfum s\u00e9r \u00ed s\u00fdndarvi\u00f0skiptum til a\u00f0 halda uppi hlutabr\u00e9faver\u00f0i. Eignarhald var fali\u00f0 eftir k\u00fanstarinnar reglum og skattaskj\u00f3l fundin \u00e1 aflandseyjum. \u00dea\u00f0 er s\u00e9rstakt umhugsunarefni, a\u00f0 r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnir \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma h\u00f6f\u00f0u fylgt bo\u00f0or\u00f0unum um a\u00f0 l\u00e6kka skatta \u00e1 fyrirt\u00e6ki og fj\u00e1rmagnseigendur, af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 var tali\u00f0 \u00f6rva fj\u00e1rfestingar, atvinnusk\u00f6pun og hagv\u00f6xt. \u00cdsland var l\u00e1gskattaland. En l\u00e1gir skattar vir\u00f0ast ekki duga til a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir fj\u00e1rfl\u00f3tta \u00far landi til a\u00f0 for\u00f0a hinum n\u00fdr\u00edku fr\u00e1 skattskyldu. \u00dea\u00f0 sto\u00f0ar l\u00edtt a\u00f0 \u00e1lasa \u00feessum m\u00f6nnum fyrir skort \u00e1 \u00feegnskap \u2013 jafnvel drengskap.Geymum \u00fev\u00ed ekki a\u00f0 frj\u00e1lshyggjan er \u00ed e\u00f0li s\u00ednu si\u00f0blind. Allt er r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tanlegt \u00ed nafni gr\u00f3\u00f0avonarinnar.<\/p>\n
Indri\u00f0i H. \u00deorl\u00e1ksson, fyrrverandi r\u00edkisskattstj\u00f3ri t\u00f3k saman sk\u00fdrslu fyrir um fimm \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0an um l\u00f6g og reglur \u00ed grannl\u00f6ndum okkar, \u00fe.m.t. \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum, sem kv\u00e1\u00f0u \u00e1 um uppl\u00fdsingaskyldu m\u00f3\u00f0urf\u00e9laga og fyrirt\u00e6kjasamst\u00e6\u00f0a um fj\u00e1rst\u00fdringu utan l\u00f6gs\u00f6gu heimalandsins. Uppl\u00fdsingaskylda af \u00feessu tagi er frumforsenda \u00feess a\u00f0 menn komist ekki svo h\u00e6glega upp me\u00f0 skattundandr\u00e1tt \u00ed krafti falinna fj\u00e1rsj\u00f3\u00f0a, utan vi\u00f0 l\u00f6g og r\u00e9tt. Hef\u00f0i \u00edslensk l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f veri\u00f0 f\u00e6r\u00f0 til samr\u00e6mis vi\u00f0 l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f grannlandanna, hef\u00f0u bankarnir ekki komist upp me\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 gera \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 s\u00e9rgrein sinni a\u00f0 a\u00f0sto\u00f0a \u00f3l\u00edgarkana vi\u00f0 fj\u00e1rfl\u00f3ttann.<\/p>\n
\u00dea\u00f0 er sem s\u00e9 uppl\u00fdst a\u00f0 fors\u00e6tis- og fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0herrar Sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isflokksins voru jafnvel kat\u00f3lskari en p\u00e1finn \u2013 bandar\u00edski fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0herrann \u2013 \u00ed a\u00f0 framfylgja bo\u00f0or\u00f0um n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjunnar um a\u00f0 \u00f6ll afskipti r\u00edkisins af hinum frj\u00e1lsa marka\u00f0i v\u00e6ri af hinu vonda. \u00c1lyktunin er s\u00fa a\u00f0 \u00feetta voru ekki mist\u00f6k. \u00deetta var yfirl\u00fdst stefna \u00ed framkv\u00e6md.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u00c1ri\u00f0 1997 fengu tveir amer\u00edskir n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjupostular, Scholes, og Merton, N\u00f3belsver\u00f0launin \u00ed hagfr\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00dea\u00f0 var \u00ed vi\u00f0urkenningarskyni fyrir a\u00f0 hafa leyst \u201cumbo\u00f0smannsvandann.\u201d \u00deeir fundu r\u00e1\u00f0 til a\u00f0 draga \u00far \u00feeirri \u00e1h\u00e6ttu hlutafj\u00e1reigenda sem \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed felst a\u00f0 fela forstj\u00f3rum \u2013 eins konar emb\u00e6ttism\u00f6nnum \u2013 \u00e1v\u00f6xtun fj\u00e1rmuna sinna. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1174","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-allar_greinar","category-greinar_og_vidtol"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1174","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1174"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1174\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2870,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1174\/revisions\/2870"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1174"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1174"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1174"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}