M\u00e9r s\u00fdnist laga\u00ferasi\u00f0, sem spunnist hefur \u00fat fr\u00e1 spurningunni um, hvort \u00edslenska r\u00edki\u00f0 beri \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 innist\u00e6\u00f0utryggingum \u00fatib\u00faa Landsbankans \u00e1 EES-sv\u00e6\u00f0inu, vera af s\u00ed\u00f0arnefndu sortinni. Og ekki j\u00f3kst m\u00e9r tiltr\u00fa \u00e1, a\u00f0 \u00feessi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00ed\u00fer\u00f3tt \u00cdslendinga \u00fej\u00f3ni j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um tilgangi, vi\u00f0 lestur greinar Sigur\u00f0ar L\u00edndal um \u00feetta efni \u00ed Pressunni. M\u00e9r skilst a\u00f0 grein Sigur\u00f0ar s\u00e9 a.m.k. a\u00f0 hluta andsvar vi\u00f0 Mbl \u2013grein minni: Um smj\u00f6rkl\u00edpukenninguna og se\u00f0labankastj\u00f3rann, fr\u00e1 7. j\u00fal\u00ed s.l. (sj\u00e1 www.jbh.is). Fyrirfram hef\u00f0i \u00e9g \u00e6tla\u00f0, a\u00f0 pr\u00f3fessorinn g\u00e6ti r\u00e6tt l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg \u00e1litam\u00e1l af stillingu og yfirvegun. \u00deetta er j\u00fa hans fag. Munns\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur hans kemur m\u00e9r \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1 \u00f3vart: Hann segir mig fara me\u00f0 \u201csta\u00f0lausa stafi\u201d, \u201c\u00f3sannindi ofan \u00e1 \u00f3sannindi\u201d og \u201cbeita uppspuna og \u00f3sannindum\u201d. Hva\u00f0 veldur \u00feessari tilefnislausu vanstillingu? Er \u00feetta kannski \u00f3missandi \u00edvaf \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00ed\u00fer\u00f3ttinni?<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
1.
\nL\u00edtum \u00e1 m\u00e1lsatvik. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1999 leiddi Al\u00feingi \u00ed l\u00f6g tilskipun Evr\u00f3pusambandsins um l\u00e1gmarkstryggingu sparifj\u00e1rinnist\u00e6\u00f0na hj\u00e1 fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lastofnunum \u00e1 EES-sv\u00e6\u00f0inu. \u00cd tilskipuninni segir m.a., a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ldum s\u00e9 skylt a\u00f0 \u201ctryggja a\u00f0 innist\u00e6\u00f0ueigendur f\u00e1i b\u00e6tur og tryggingu \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 skilm\u00e1lana \u00ed \u00feessari tilskipun.\u201d<\/p>\n
H\u00e9r fer ekkert milli m\u00e1la. Tilgangurinn er sk\u00fdr. T\u00falkun \u00feessarar tilskipunar er alls sta\u00f0ar talin tryggja sparifj\u00e1reigendum a\u00f0 l\u00e1gmarki 20.887.- evrur \u00e1 hverjum innist\u00e6\u00f0ureikningi – nema \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, a\u00f0 s\u00f6gn nokkurra \u00edslenskra l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga. \u00deeir segja, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 standi hvergi skrifa\u00f0 sk\u00fdrum st\u00f6fum, a\u00f0 tryggingin s\u00e9 me\u00f0 r\u00edkis\u00e1byrg\u00f0. Skuldbinding r\u00edkisins s\u00e9 eing\u00f6ngu \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed f\u00f3lgin a\u00f0 mynda sj\u00f3\u00f0, burts\u00e9\u00f0 fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, hvort sj\u00f3\u00f0urinn geti sta\u00f0i\u00f0 undir yfirl\u00fdstum skuldbindingum e\u00f0a ekki.<\/p>\n
\u00c1 \u00feessari lagat\u00falkun f\u00e1einna l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga byggja menn s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1lyktun, a\u00f0 \u00edslenskum stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ldum s\u00e9 ekki skylt a\u00f0 standa vi\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0in um l\u00e1gmarkstryggingu. Vi\u00f0 getum einfaldlega sagt: Nei takk, vi\u00f0 borgum ekki. Gleymi\u00f0 \u00fei\u00f0 \u00feessu. \u2013 \u00deegar tveir deila, getur \u00fea\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 til g\u00f3\u00f0s a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 setja sig \u00ed spor deilua\u00f0ilans. Hef\u00f0um vi\u00f0 teki\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed \u00feegjandi og hlj\u00f3\u00f0alaust, ef erlendur banki hef\u00f0i bo\u00f0i\u00f0 okkur upp \u00e1 svona trakteringar? V\u00edsa\u00f0 \u00e1 t\u00f3man sj\u00f3\u00f0 og langs\u00f3ttar l\u00f6gsk\u00fdringar til a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ta r\u00e1ni\u00f0?<\/p>\n
M\u00e1li\u00f0 er ekki svona einfalt. Hin heimat\u00edlb\u00fana l\u00f6gsk\u00fdring er \u00ed besta falli misskilningur, en \u00ed versta falli \u00fat\u00farsn\u00faningur \u00e1 tilskipuninni. Skuldbinding r\u00edkisins er ekki bara s\u00fa a\u00f0 mynda sj\u00f3\u00f0. Skuldbinding r\u00edkisins er s\u00fa a\u00f0 h\u00e9r s\u00e9 starfr\u00e6ktur tryggingarsj\u00f3\u00f0ur, sem getur sta\u00f0i\u00f0 vi\u00f0 skuldbindingar s\u00ednar um l\u00e1gmarkstryggingu sparifj\u00e1rinnist\u00e6\u00f0na. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00fea\u00f0 sem r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnir \u00e1 EES-sv\u00e6\u00f0inu hafa skuldbundi\u00f0 sig til a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 um, \u00ed nafni neytendaverndar.<\/p>\n
N\u00e6sta spurning er \u00fe\u00e1 \u00feessi: G\u00e1tu \u00edslensk stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld af einhverjum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um ekki sta\u00f0i\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feessa lagalegu skuldbindingu s\u00edna? Sumir tala um galla\u00f0 regluverk ESB. A\u00f0rir segja, a\u00f0 regluverki\u00f0 eigi ekki vi\u00f0, af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 um kerfishrun s\u00e9 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a. \u00dea\u00f0 eru engir fyrirvarar \u00ed regluverkinu um kerfishrun. \u00de\u00e1 kemur m\u00e1li\u00f0 einfaldlega til kasta stj\u00f3rnvalda vi\u00f0komandi r\u00edkis og eftirlitsstofnana \u00feess, eins og sag\u00f0i \u00ed nefndar\u00e1liti franska se\u00f0labankans fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2000, \u00feegar Frakkar yfirt\u00f3ku ESB-tilskipunina.<\/p>\n
En eru \u00feetta haldb\u00e6rar \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur fyrir \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 \u00cdsland hafi ekki geta\u00f0 sta\u00f0i\u00f0 vi\u00f0 skuldbindingar s\u00ednar? Hvers vegna var tryggingarsj\u00f3\u00f0urinn \u00fev\u00ed sem n\u00e6st t\u00f3mur, \u00feegar til \u00e1tti a\u00f0 taka? \u00dea\u00f0 sk\u00fdrist af sm\u00e6\u00f0 hagkerfisins. F\u00e1ar fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lastofnanir og \u00f3n\u00f3g i\u00f0gj\u00f6ld sk\u00fdra \u00fea\u00f0. Samt h\u00f6f\u00f0u hinir einkav\u00e6ddu \u00edslensku bankar \u00feanist \u00fat sem samsvara\u00f0i t\u00edfaldri \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arframlei\u00f0slu. Starfsemi \u00feeirra var a\u00f0 miklu leyti \u00ed \u00fatl\u00f6ndum. Til hva\u00f0a r\u00e1\u00f0a g\u00e1tu, og \u00e1ttu, \u00edslensk stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa til \u00feess a\u00f0 tryggja st\u00f6\u00f0ugleika fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lakerfisins, hagsmuni sparifj\u00e1reigenda og \u00edslenskra skattgrei\u00f0enda, vi\u00f0 \u00feessar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur? Ger\u00f0u \u00feau \u00fea\u00f0 sem skyldan bau\u00f0?<\/p>\n
Regluverk ESB kve\u00f0ur \u00e1 um \u00fea\u00f0, a\u00f0 ef banki rekur \u00fatib\u00fa utan heimalandsins, starfar \u00fatib\u00fai\u00f0 me\u00f0 bankaleyfi, undir eftirliti og me\u00f0 trygginga\u00e1byrg\u00f0 heimar\u00edkisins. Ef bankastarfsemin utan heimalands er hins vegar rekin \u00ed formi d\u00f3tturfyrirt\u00e6kis, sem er skr\u00e1\u00f0 \u00ed gistir\u00edkinu, er bankaleyfi\u00f0, eftirliti\u00f0 og sparifj\u00e1rtryggingin \u00e1 \u00e1byrg\u00f0 gistir\u00edkisins. Ef \u00edslensk stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld m\u00e1tu \u00fea\u00f0 svo, a\u00f0 \u00feeim v\u00e6ri ofvi\u00f0a a\u00f0 standa vi\u00f0 l\u00f6gbundna innist\u00e6\u00f0utryggingu sparifj\u00e1reigenda \u00ed \u00edslenskum \u00fatib\u00faum utan heimalands \u00e1 EES-sv\u00e6\u00f0inu, bar \u00feeim skylda til a\u00f0 gera vi\u00f0eigandi r\u00e1\u00f0stafanir.<\/p>\n
\u00dea\u00f0 var ekki regluverk ESB, sem neyddi bankastj\u00f3ra og bankar\u00e1\u00f0 Landsbankans til a\u00f0 reka fj\u00e1r\u00f6flunarstarfsemi s\u00edna \u00ed Bretlandi og Hollandi \u00ed formi \u00fatib\u00fas. \u00deeir t\u00f3ku sj\u00e1lfir \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un. Samt \u00e1ttu \u00feeir d\u00f3tturfyrirt\u00e6ki \u00ed London, sem hef\u00f0i geta\u00f0 annast \u00feessa starfsemi. Landsbankinn stofna\u00f0i innl\u00e1nsreikningana, sem kenndir eru vi\u00f0 Icesasve – og yfirbau\u00f0 innl\u00e1nsvexti keppinauta \u00ed lei\u00f0inni, \u2013 af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hann var \u00ed kr\u00f6ggum. Bankinn var kominn upp fyrir haus \u00ed skuldir \u00ed erlendum gjaldheyri. Hann \u00feurfti st\u00f6\u00f0ugt a\u00f0 endurfj\u00e1rmagna l\u00e1nasafni\u00f0. En l\u00e1nstrausti\u00f0 f\u00f3r \u00feverrandi, l\u00e1nal\u00ednur loku\u00f0ust og skuldatryggingar\u00e1l\u00f6g f\u00f3ru s\u00edh\u00e6kkandi. Stj\u00f3rnendur LB v\u00f6ldu \u00fev\u00ed \u00fatib\u00fasformi\u00f0 af \u00e1settu r\u00e1\u00f0i til \u00feess a\u00f0 hafa frj\u00e1lsar hendur til a\u00f0 nota innl\u00e1nsf\u00e9\u00f0 \u00ed Icesave \u00ed eigin \u00fe\u00e1gu, lausir undan str\u00f6ngu eftirliti gistir\u00edkisins.<\/p>\n
Einmitt \u00feess vegna bar \u00edslenskum stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ldum og eftirlitsstofnunum \u00feeirra a\u00f0 kn\u00fdja Landsbankann til \u00feess a\u00f0 breyta rekstrarforminu \u00ed d\u00f3tturfyrirt\u00e6ki. Fj\u00e1rm\u00e1laeftirliti\u00f0 ger\u00f0i h\u00e1lfkara\u00f0ar tilraunir til \u00feessa, en fylgdi \u00fev\u00ed ekki eftir af festu. \u00dev\u00ed f\u00f3r sem f\u00f3r. \u00c1 \u00fev\u00ed leikur enginn vafi, a\u00f0 Fj\u00e1rm\u00e1laeftirliti\u00f0 r\u00e9\u00f0i yfir \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0um og lagaheimildum til \u00feess a\u00f0 tryggja hagsmuni sparifj\u00e1reigenda (og endanlega \u00edslenskra skattgrei\u00f0enda) me\u00f0 \u00feessum h\u00e6tti. (Sbr. l. um fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lafyrirt\u00e6ki nr. 161\/2002,36. gr.).<\/p>\n
\u00dea\u00f0 sem meira er: Se\u00f0labanki Hollands og fj\u00e1rm\u00e1laeftirlit Bretlands bu\u00f0ust til \u00feess a\u00f0 yfirtaka hvort tveggja, eftirliti\u00f0 og sparifj\u00e1rtrygginguna \u2013 en \u00edslensk stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld h\u00f6fnu\u00f0u \u00fev\u00ed. \u00deau geta ekki, eftir \u00e1, vikist undan \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 taka aflei\u00f0ingum \u00feeirrar \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0unar. Yfirv\u00f6ldum \u00ed Hollandi og \u00ed Bretlandi gekk \u00e1rei\u00f0anlega ekki g\u00f3\u00f0mennskan til. \u00deau voru a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta hagsmuna \u00fearlendra sparifj\u00e1reigenda. \u00deau h\u00f6f\u00f0u r\u00f6kstuddan grun um, a\u00f0 \u00edslenska bankakerfi\u00f0 v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 hruni komi\u00f0, og vildu for\u00f0a \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 g\u00e6ti leitt til \u00e1hlaups \u00e1 \u00fearlenda banka. \u00dear me\u00f0 gegndu stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld \u00ed \u00feessum l\u00f6ndum skyldum s\u00ednum. Me\u00f0 sama h\u00e6tti brug\u00f0ust \u00edslensk stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld s\u00ednum skyldum.<\/p>\n
Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fallast \u00e1 tilbo\u00f0 yfirvalda \u00ed Bretlandi og Hollandi og me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 kn\u00fdja forr\u00e1\u00f0amenn Landsbankans til \u00feess a\u00f0 f\u00e6ra starfsemina \u00ed d\u00f3tturfyrirt\u00e6ki, var \u00edslenskum stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ldum \u00ed l\u00f3fa lagi\u00f0 a\u00f0 firra \u00edslenska skattgrei\u00f0endur allri \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 Icesave. \u00deeim st\u00f3\u00f0 \u00feetta til bo\u00f0a. \u00deau h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00feau \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i sem dug\u00f0u. En \u00feau sv\u00e1fu \u00e1 ver\u00f0inum. \u00dev\u00ed f\u00f3r sem f\u00f3r.<\/p>\n
2.
\nHva\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u201cl\u00f6glega bindandi yfirl\u00fdsingar forystumanna\u201d \u00e1 l\u00e1gmarkstryggingarverndinni, sem Sigur\u00f0ur l\u00fdsir eftir? D\u00e6min eru m\u00fdm\u00f6rg, en \u00e9g l\u00e6t n\u00e6gja a\u00f0 nefna tv\u00f6: \u00deann 14. n\u00f3v. sam\u00feykkti \u00fe\u00e1verandi r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rn svok\u00f6llu\u00f0 umsamin vi\u00f0mi\u00f0 (\u201cagreed guidelines\u201d) fyrir samningavi\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 stofnanir ESB og fulltr\u00faa hollenskra og breskra stj\u00f3rnvalda. \u00cd hinum ums\u00f6mdu vi\u00f0mi\u00f0um segir m.a. a\u00f0 \u201ctilskipunin um innist\u00e6\u00f0utryggingar hafi veri\u00f0 felld inn \u00ed l\u00f6ggj\u00f6fina um evr\u00f3pska efnahagssv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 … og gildi \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1 \u00cdslandi me\u00f0 sama h\u00e6tti og h\u00fan gildir \u00ed a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkjum Evr\u00f3pusambandsins,\u201d – \u00dear me\u00f0 var hin s\u00e9r\u00edslenska l\u00f6gsk\u00fdring um, a\u00f0 innist\u00e6\u00f0utryggingin gilti ekki \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, endanlega gefin upp \u00e1 b\u00e1tinn.<\/p>\n
Hafi eitthva\u00f0 leiki\u00f0 \u00e1 tveim tungum um skuldbindingar \u00edslenskra stj\u00f3rnvalda um \u00feessi efni, \u00fe\u00e1 t\u00f3k Dav\u00ed\u00f0 Oddsson \u00fe\u00e1verandi se\u00f0labankastj\u00f3ri, af \u00f6ll tv\u00edm\u00e6li um sl\u00edkt me\u00f0 yfirl\u00fdsingu til framkv\u00e6mdastj\u00f3rnar IMF daginn eftir, \u00feann 15. n\u00f3v. 2008, sem hann undirrita\u00f0i \u00e1samt \u00fe\u00e1verandi fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0herra, \u00c1rna Mathiesen. \u00dear segir m.a.: \u00cdsland hefur heiti\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vir\u00f0a skuldbindingar \u00e1 grundvelli innist\u00e6\u00f0ukerfisins gagnvart \u00f6llum innl\u00e1nsh\u00f6fum.\u201d<\/p>\n
Sigur\u00f0ur L\u00edndal segir \u00fea\u00f0 standa upp \u00e1 mig a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra, hvers vegna Bretar og Hollendingar hafni allri d\u00f3msme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00e1linu. A\u00f0 v\u00edsu er \u00fea\u00f0 ekki mitt a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra \u00fea\u00f0, heldur \u00feeirra sj\u00e1lfra. En af \u00feessu tilefni m\u00e1 spyrja, hvort nokkur r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rn \u00ed fullvalda r\u00edki mundi sj\u00e1lfviljug fallast \u00e1 a\u00f0ild a\u00f0 d\u00f3msm\u00e1li, sem – burts\u00e9\u00f0 fr\u00e1 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins \u2013 g\u00e6ti hrundi\u00f0 af sta\u00f0 \u00e1hlaupi \u00e1 gervallt bankakerfi vi\u00f0komandi lands? \u00c6tli \u00feetta svari ekki spurningu Sigur\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n
\u00dea\u00f0 er ekki s\u00ed\u00f0ur \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til a\u00f0 spyrja, hvers vegna \u00edslensk stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld reyndu ekki sj\u00e1lf a\u00f0 fara d\u00f3mst\u00f3lalei\u00f0ina? \u00deau h\u00f6f\u00f0u reynt a\u00f0 bera fyrir sig hina heimatilb\u00fanu l\u00f6gsk\u00fdringu \u00ed samningum vi\u00f0 m\u00e1lsa\u00f0ila, um a\u00f0 \u00feau v\u00e6ru \u00e1n \u00e1byrg\u00f0ar \u00e1 m.a.s. l\u00e1gmarkstryggingunni, umfram grei\u00f0slugetu tryggingarsj\u00f3\u00f0sins. Eru menn b\u00fanir a\u00f0 gleyma \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0
\n\u00fe\u00e1v. fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0herra, \u00c1rni Mathiesen, bau\u00f0 upp \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 snemma \u00ed n\u00f3v. 2008, \u00e1 fundi fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0herra ESB og EFTA, a\u00f0 Icesave-deilan v\u00e6ri sett \u00ed ger\u00f0ard\u00f3m? Hann var tekinn \u00e1 or\u00f0inu. \u201c\u00c1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 var, a\u00f0 d\u00f3minn skipu\u00f0u fimm manns fr\u00e1 r\u00e1\u00f0herrar\u00e1\u00f0i og framkv\u00e6mdastj\u00f3rn ESB, Se\u00f0labanka Evr\u00f3pu, eftirlitsstofnun EFTA og \u00edslenskum stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ldum, (sj\u00e1 Gu\u00f0ni Th., J\u00f3hannesson, Hruni\u00f0 bls. 241-2) .<\/p>\n
\u00deegar \u00e1 reyndi, runnu tv\u00e6r gr\u00edmur \u00e1 r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rn \u00cdslands, \u00feannig a\u00f0 fulltr\u00fai \u00cdslands skr\u00f3pa\u00f0i \u00ed ger\u00f0ard\u00f3minum. \u00dea\u00f0 t\u00f3k hina a\u00f0eins s\u00f3larhring a\u00f0 komast a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u \u201ca\u00f0 \u00edslenska r\u00edkinu b\u00e6ri a\u00f0 \u00e1byrgjast grei\u00f0slu l\u00e1gmarkstrygginga, skv. tilskipuninni, dyg\u00f0u eignir tryggingarsj\u00f3\u00f0sins ekki til\u201d. (Sama heimild, bls. 242) Hvers vegna \u00e6tli r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rn \u00cdslands hafi runni\u00f0 af h\u00f3lmi? \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0urnar voru tv\u00e6r: Annars vegar fluttu \u00edslenskir emb\u00e6ttismenn r\u00e1\u00f0herrunum \u00feau bo\u00f0, a\u00f0 enginn – b\u00f3kstaflega enginn \u2013 t\u00e6ki mark \u00e1 hinni \u00edslensku l\u00f6gsk\u00fdringu, eins og r\u00e6kilega hefur komi\u00f0 \u00e1 daginn. Hin \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0an er s\u00fa, a\u00f0 r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnin \u00feor\u00f0i ekki, r\u00e9ttilega, a\u00f0 taka \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1h\u00e6ttu, a\u00f0 ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an yr\u00f0i \u00edslenskum skattgrei\u00f0endum miklu d\u00fdrari en unnt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 n\u00e1 me\u00f0 samningum.<\/p>\n
Sigur\u00f0ur segir \u00fea\u00f0 ranghermi, a\u00f0 ekki s\u00e9 teki\u00f0 mark \u00e1 hinni \u201cheimatilb\u00fanu\u201d l\u00f6gsk\u00fdringu utan landsteinanna og nefnir \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed tilviki \u00ferj\u00e1r erlendar l\u00f6gmannsstofur, sem voru tilb\u00fanar a\u00f0 reka m\u00e1li\u00f0 fyrir \u00cdslands h\u00f6nd, ef stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld hef\u00f0u \u00feora\u00f0 a\u00f0 taka \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1h\u00e6ttu. N\u00fa hef \u00e9g a\u00f0 v\u00edsu aldrei haldi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed fram, a\u00f0 ekki s\u00e9 unnt a\u00f0 leigja l\u00f6gmenn til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3na hva\u00f0a m\u00e1lsta\u00f0 sem vera skal \u2013 fyrir h\u00e6filega \u00fe\u00f3knun a\u00f0 \u00feeirra mati.<\/p>\n
\u201c\u00cdsland er einangra\u00f0 \u00ed Icesave-deilunni\u201d. \u00deetta er upphafi\u00f0 \u00e1 minnisbla\u00f0i emb\u00e6ttismanna utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0uneytisins, dags. 13. n\u00f3v. 2008, um st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00cdslands \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0avettvangi \u00ed Icesave-deilunni. S\u00ed\u00f0an var \u00fev\u00ed l\u00fdst, a\u00f0 enginn hef\u00f0i teki\u00f0 undir lagar\u00f6k \u00edslenskra stj\u00f3rnvalda, ekki einu sinni fr\u00e6nd\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir \u00e1 Nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndum… (Sj\u00e1 Gu\u00f0ni Th.: Hruni\u00f0, bls. 251) \u2013 261). S\u00ed\u00f0an segir:
\n\u201cA\u00f0 mati framkv\u00e6mdastj\u00f3rnar ESB og a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkja \u00feess… er t\u00edmi l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegra \u00fatlistana li\u00f0inn. B\u00fai\u00f0 er a\u00f0 fara yfir Icesave-m\u00e1li\u00f0 \u00fat fr\u00e1 lagalegum forsendum og ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an er lj\u00f3s: \u00cdsland er einangra\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feeirri afst\u00f6\u00f0u sinni, a\u00f0 lagaleg \u00f3vissa r\u00edki um m\u00e1li\u00f0 og hefur lagalegum sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0um \u00edslenskra stj\u00f3rnvalda \u00fear a\u00f0 l\u00fatandi veri\u00f0 hafna\u00f0 alfari\u00f0. Fulltr\u00fai ESB-r\u00edkis or\u00f0a\u00f0i \u00feetta svo: \u201cYou have to face it… nobody agrees with you that there is legal uncertainty.. not even your closest friends support you .. your credibility has suffered\u201d.
\n\u00deetta var sta\u00f0an a\u00f0 mati utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0uneytisins, \u00feegar \u00feann 13. n\u00f3v. 2008.<\/p>\n
3.
\n\u00deeir sem bera \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 Icesave-kl\u00fa\u00f0rinu eru margir: Bankastj\u00f3rar og bankar\u00e1\u00f0smenn Landsbankans, eftirlitsstofnanir \u00edslenska r\u00edkisins, svo sem se\u00f0labanki og fj\u00e1rm\u00e1laeftirlit, og s\u00ed\u00f0ast en ekki s\u00edst, oddvitar stj\u00f3rnarflokka og r\u00e1\u00f0herrar \u00ed r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnum \u00cdslands, a.m.k. \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu 2006-2008. F\u00f3rnarl\u00f6mbin \u00ed m\u00e1linu eru breskir og hollenskir sparifj\u00e1reigendur og a\u00f0 lokum \u00edslenskir skattgrei\u00f0endur. \u00deeir sitja uppi me\u00f0 skuldina vegna \u00e1byrg\u00f0arleysis og mistaka \u00edslenskra stj\u00f3rnvalda, sem sannanlega hef\u00f0u geta\u00f0 for\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00feessu slysi, eins og h\u00e9r hefur veri\u00f0 s\u00fdnt fram \u00e1.<\/p>\n
En Icesave er l\u00edka millir\u00edkja-deilum\u00e1l, sem sn\u00fdst um \u00fea\u00f0, hvort \u00cdsland standi vi\u00f0 l\u00f6glegar samningsskuldbindingar s\u00ednar gagnvart \u00f6\u00f0rum r\u00edkjum. Breg\u00f0ist \u00fea\u00f0, eru vi\u00f0url\u00f6gin einangrun og lokun \u00e1 a\u00f0gengi a\u00f0 fj\u00e1rmagnsm\u00f6rku\u00f0um, en \u00fea\u00f0 mundi, eitt \u00fat af fyrir sig, torvelda mj\u00f6g, ef ekki \u00fatiloka, endurreisn \u00cdslands.Ma\u00f0ur skyldi \u00e6tla, a\u00f0 l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar, a.m.k. \u00feeir sem annast uppfr\u00e6\u00f0slu \u00e6skul\u00fd\u00f0sins \u00ed l\u00f6gum og r\u00e9tti, leggi h\u00f6fu\u00f0\u00e1herslu \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 skyldu r\u00edkja \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamskiptum a\u00f0 vir\u00f0a samnings- e\u00f0a l\u00f6gbundnar skuldbindingar s\u00ednar. Alla vega l\u00e6tur ma\u00f0ur segja s\u00e9r \u00fea\u00f0 tvisvar, a\u00f0 nestor \u00edslenskrar l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i, eins og Sigur\u00f0ur L\u00edndal pr\u00f3fessor, gangi fram fyrir skj\u00f6ldu og m\u00e6li \u00fev\u00ed b\u00f3t, a\u00f0 forr\u00e1\u00f0amenn \u00cdslands komi \u00f3or\u00f0i \u00e1 land og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hlaupast fr\u00e1 skulbindingum s\u00ednum.<\/p>\n
Hverjir eiga a\u00f0 verja r\u00e9ttarr\u00edki\u00f0, ef ekki sl\u00edkur ma\u00f0ur? Au\u00f0vita\u00f0 eru ekki allir \u00edslenskir l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar undir s\u00f6mu s\u00f6k seldir \u00ed \u00feessu m\u00e1li.i. \u00dea\u00f0 er s\u00e9rst\u00f6k \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til a\u00f0 vekja athygli \u00feeirra, sem vilja komast til botns \u00ed lagar\u00f6kum m\u00e1lsins, \u00e1 grein eftir Hr\u00f3bjart J\u00f3natansson, hrl.: A\u00f0 semja e\u00f0a semja ekki (Mbl., 11.08.09). Hr\u00f3bjartur gerir lagar\u00f6kunum betri skil en m\u00e9r er kleift \u00ed \u00feessari umfj\u00f6llun, enda s\u00e9rfr\u00f3\u00f0ur \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed svi\u00f0i. Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a okkar er samt sem \u00e1\u00f0ur hin sama.<\/p>\n
Hver er \u00fe\u00e1 ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a \u00feessa m\u00e1ls? \u00cd Pressugrein sinni, Skuldbindingar, segir Sigur\u00f0ur L\u00edndal pr\u00f3fessor, eftirfarandi:
\n\u201cN\u00fa mega \u00fea\u00f0 kallast firn mikil, ef heil \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 \u2013 og \u00fe\u00e1 einnig komandi kynsl\u00f3\u00f0ir \u2013 eigi a\u00f0 \u00e1byrgjast himinh\u00e1ar grei\u00f0slur, sem einstaklingar hafa me\u00f0 umsvifum s\u00ednum stofna\u00f0 til, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00edslensk stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld (leturbreyting JBH) og \u00edslenskur almenningur hafi haft \u00fear forg\u00f6ngu. Ef \u00edslenska r\u00edki\u00f0, og \u00fear me\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0in, \u00e6tti a\u00f0 bera sl\u00edka \u00e1byrg\u00f0, yr\u00f0i h\u00fan a\u00f0 sty\u00f0jast vi\u00f0 sk\u00fdr fyrirm\u00e6li \u00ed l\u00f6gum, fj\u00f6l\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum samningum, e\u00f0a l\u00f6glega bindandi yfirl\u00fdsingar forystumanna \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar.\u201d<\/p>\n
Eins og h\u00e9r hefur veri\u00f0 s\u00fdnt fram \u00e1, er allt \u00fea\u00f0 til sta\u00f0ar, sem lagapr\u00f3fessorinn m\u00e6lir fyrir um, a\u00f0 \u00feurfi a\u00f0 vera til sta\u00f0ar, til \u00feess a\u00f0 r\u00edki axli sl\u00edka \u00e1byrg\u00f0: Lagafyrirm\u00e6li, fj\u00f6l\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legur samningur og l\u00f6glega bindandi yfirl\u00fdsingar forystumanna. Fr\u00e1leitt er a\u00f0 halda \u00fev\u00ed fram, a\u00f0 \u00edslensk stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld hafi ekki haft forg\u00f6ngu um m\u00e1li\u00f0. Al\u00feingi l\u00f6gleiddi skuldbindinguna me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 98\/1999 og sam\u00feykkti 5. des. 2008 a\u00f0 ganga til samninga \u00e1 grundvelli tilskipunarinnar. R\u00edkisstj\u00f3rn landsins samdi um \u00fea\u00f0 vi\u00f0 m\u00e1lsa\u00f0ila me\u00f0 hinum svok\u00f6llu\u00f0u \u201cagreed guidelines\u201d a\u00f0 fara samningalei\u00f0ina og vi\u00f0urkenndi \u00f3tv\u00edr\u00e6tt, a\u00f0 l\u00e1gmarkstrygging sparifj\u00e1rinnist\u00e6\u00f0na gilti \u00e1 \u00cdslandi me\u00f0 sama h\u00e6tti og \u00ed a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkjum Evr\u00f3pusambandsins.<\/p>\n
\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0kj\u00f6ri\u00f0 Al\u00feingi og r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rn, sem studdist vi\u00f0 mikinn meirihluta \u00e1 Al\u00feingi, hafa \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum og me\u00f0 samningum vi\u00f0urkennt skuldbindingar r\u00edkisins \u00ed \u00feessu m\u00e1li. Eins og Hr\u00f3bjartur J\u00f3natansson bendir \u00e1 \u00ed grein sinni, sem \u00e1\u00f0ur var vitna\u00f0 til, \u00fe\u00e1 myndu hinir hlunnf\u00f6rnu sparifj\u00e1reigendur eiga \u00f3tv\u00edr\u00e6\u00f0a ska\u00f0ab\u00f3takr\u00f6fu \u00e1 hendur \u00edslenska r\u00edkinu, ef \u00fea\u00f0 ger\u00f0i tilraun til a\u00f0 vanefna skuldbindingar s\u00ednar \u00ed m\u00e1linu.<\/p>\n
4.
\nA\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed var viki\u00f0 \u00ed upphafi, a\u00f0 endalaust \u00feras um lagab\u00f3kstaf og t\u00falkanir v\u00e6ri stundum kalla\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00ed\u00fer\u00f3tt \u00cdslendinga. Kannski erum vi\u00f0 ekki einir um \u00fea\u00f0. Pers\u00f3nulega er m\u00e9r \u00fea\u00f0 eftirminnileg reynsla a\u00f0 hafa fylgst me\u00f0 m\u00e1lab\u00fana\u00f0i fulltr\u00faa \u00f3l\u00edkra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a vi\u00f0 samningabor\u00f0i\u00f0, \u00feegar EES-samningurinn var \u00ed sm\u00ed\u00f0um \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma.<\/p>\n
Eftir \u00e1 a\u00f0 hyggja \u00feykist \u00e9g mega sl\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed f\u00f6stu, a\u00f0 Svisslendingar hafi st\u00e1ta\u00f0 af har\u00f0sn\u00fanustu l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingasveitinni vi\u00f0 \u00feetta samningabor\u00f0. \u00deeir voru h\u00e1l\u00e6r\u00f0ir, fj\u00f6ltyngdir og \u00f3hemju \u00ferasgjarnir. Varla var nokkurt m\u00e1l svo sm\u00e1tt \u00ed sni\u00f0um e\u00f0a l\u00edtilfj\u00f6rlegt a\u00f0 efni, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri ekki hinum l\u00e6r\u00f0u l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum tilefni til a\u00f0 halda upp langdregnu laga\u00ferasi, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt engir svissneskir hagsmunir, sem m\u00e1li skipti, v\u00e6ru \u00ed h\u00fafi. A\u00f0 lokum var svo komi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00feeir virtust halda upp \u00fer\u00e6tunni, \u00fer\u00e6tunnar sj\u00e1lfrar vegna. Auk \u00feess var \u00feeim tamt a\u00f0 \u00fatlista meinta vankanta samningsins \u00ed sm\u00e1u og st\u00f3ru og \u00ed l\u00f6ngu m\u00e1li \u00ed fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0lum fr\u00e1 degi til dags.<\/p>\n
Almenningur \u00ed Sviss komst ekki hj\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 draga s\u00ednar \u00e1lyktanir af \u00feessari \u00fer\u00e6tub\u00f3k. Meirhluti Svisslendinga f\u00e9kk \u00fea\u00f0 sm\u00e1m saman \u00e1 tilfinninguna, a\u00f0 \u00feeirra snj\u00f6llu l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar \u00e6ttu mj\u00f6g undir h\u00f6gg a\u00f0 s\u00e6kja fyrir ofurefli hins st\u00f3ra Evr\u00f3pusambands og a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir \u00fatsmogna gagnr\u00fdni og sta\u00f0fastan m\u00e1lflutning hef\u00f0i \u00feeirra m\u00f6nnum or\u00f0i\u00f0 l\u00edti\u00f0 \u00e1gengt \u00ed bar\u00e1ttunni vi\u00f0 ofurefli\u00f0. \u00deegar samaningurinn loks var lag\u00f0ur fyrir \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0aratkv\u00e6\u00f0agrei\u00f0slu og l\u00f6gmennirnir f\u00f3ru a\u00f0 m\u00e6la me\u00f0 honum, hver \u00ed kapp vi\u00f0 annan, var \u00feeim einfaldlega ekki tr\u00faa\u00f0. \u00deeir h\u00f6f\u00f0u fyrirgert tr\u00faver\u00f0ugleika s\u00ednum. N\u00f6ldri\u00f0 haf\u00f0i eitra\u00f0 \u00fat fr\u00e1 s\u00e9r.<\/p>\n
Samningurinn var felldur. \u00dea\u00f0 hefur teki\u00f0 Svisslendinga \u00e1 annan \u00e1ratug a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta fyrir ska\u00f0ann me\u00f0 tors\u00f3ttum og erfi\u00f0um tv\u00edhli\u00f0a samningum svo tugum skiptir. Svona getur \u00ferasi\u00f0 reynst varasamt \u2013 ef \u00fev\u00ed er ekki stillt \u00ed h\u00f3f.<\/p>\n
.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u201cAllir \u00feeir l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar, sem \u00e9g hef r\u00e6tt vi\u00f0 eru samm\u00e1la um, a\u00f0
\n \u00e1byrg\u00f0 r\u00edkissj\u00f3\u00f0s \u00cdslands (\u00e1 Icesave-reikningnum) n\u00e1i ekki lengra en
\n tryggingarsj\u00f3\u00f0ur innst\u00e6\u00f0ueigenda getur sta\u00f0i\u00f0 undir.\u201d
\n \u00c1rmann Kr. \u00d3lafsson, al\u00fem., 30. okt., .2008<\/p>\n
\u201cAllir l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar, sem \u00e9g tala\u00f0i vi\u00f0, t\u00f6ldu, a\u00f0 \u00feetta v\u00e6ri bindandi,
\n a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 yr\u00f0um a\u00f0 borga (20.887 evrur)\u201d
\n Fri\u00f0rik M\u00e1r Baldursson, pr\u00f3fessor \u00ed hagfr\u00e6\u00f0i, 27. n\u00f3v., 2008<\/p>\n
Sagt er, a\u00f0 landamerkjadeilur og laga\u00feras s\u00e9 eins konar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00ed\u00fer\u00f3tt landans. \u00c9g vi\u00f0urkenni f\u00faslega, a\u00f0 \u00feetta getur veri\u00f0 skondin \u00ed\u00fer\u00f3tt upp a\u00f0 vissu marki \u2013 allavega finnst i\u00f0kendunum \u00fea\u00f0 oftast n\u00e6r sj\u00e1lfum. En ef \u00ferasi\u00f0 sn\u00fdst upp \u00ed h\u00e1rtoganir og \u00fat\u00farsn\u00faninga um aukaatri\u00f0i, getur gamani\u00f0 fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 k\u00e1rna. \u00derasi\u00f0 umhverfist \u00fe\u00e1 \u00ed merkingarl\u00edti\u00f0 stagl um aukaatri\u00f0i, sem kemur engum a\u00f0 gagni. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1244","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-allar_greinar","category-greinar_og_vidtol"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1244","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1244"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1244\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2789,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1244\/revisions\/2789"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1244"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1244"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1244"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}