Fyrir utan opinbera fyrirlestra (sem standa \u00f6llum opnir) um helstu \u00fe\u00e6tti meign\u00feemans hverju sinni, mynda hinir erlendu st\u00fadentar samstarfsh\u00f3pa me\u00f0 heimam\u00f6nnum til a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a efni fyrirlestranna \u00ed \u00feaula. Me\u00f0an \u00e1 m\u00e1l\u00feinginu stendur vinna st\u00fadentarnir a\u00f0 \u00fdmsum verkefnum \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 umr\u00e6\u00f0uefnin: \u00deeir reka \u00fatvarpst\u00f6\u00f0, gefa \u00fat bl\u00f6\u00f0 og b\u00e6klinga, b\u00faa til heimildamynd og gefa \u00fat b\u00f3k me\u00f0 helstu fyrirlestrum og ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um umr\u00e6\u00f0uh\u00f3pa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
A\u00f0 \u00feessu sinni var r\u00e6tt um frelsi\u00f0 \u00ed t\u00edu umr\u00e6\u00f0uh\u00f3pum a\u00f0 loknum fyrirlestrum: \u00dear var fjalla\u00f0 um heimspekilega greiningu hugtaksins, s\u00f6gu frelsisins, um stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lalegt frelsi, um frelsi\u00f0 og frum\u00fearfirnar, um fri\u00f0helgi einkal\u00edfs vs. \u00f6ryggi r\u00edkisins, um marka\u00f0sfrelsi vs. samf\u00e9lagslega \u00e1byrg\u00f0, um takm\u00f6rk frelsisins (vegna samf\u00e9lagslegra krafna, menningarhef\u00f0a e\u00f0a l\u00edfsst\u00edls). Loks var r\u00e6tt um frelsi\u00f0 og tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0in og frelsi\u00f0 \u00ed v\u00edsindum og listum.<\/p>\n
\u00deetta er \u00ed \u00feri\u00f0ja sinn, sem \u00e9g er gestur \u00e1 \u00feessu \u201cheimsm\u00f3ti \u00e6skunnar\u201d \u00ed Th\u00fcringen. Fyrsta skipti\u00f0 (\u00e1ri\u00f0 2005) var umr\u00e6\u00f0uefni mitt: \u201cRhetoric vs. Realpolitik: Failures of Western Foreign Policy, from Vietnam to Irak\u201d. \u00cd anna\u00f0 skipti\u00f0 (\u00e1ri\u00f0 2009) var umr\u00e6\u00f0uefni mitt: \u201cThe International Financial Crisis \u2013 The Case of Iceland: Are There Lessons to be Learned?\u201d<\/a> Ranns\u00f3knarstofnun Schiller h\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00ed Weimar \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0afj\u00e1rm\u00e1lum gaf \u00feennan fyrirlestur \u00fat \u00ed s\u00e9rriti 2010 og hann m\u00e1 finna h\u00e9r \u00e1 heimas\u00ed\u00f0u minni (2009). Frekari uppl\u00fdsingar um m\u00e1l\u00feingi\u00f0 m\u00e1 finna \u00e1 vefsl\u00f3\u00f0inni: \u201cFrelsi, jafnr\u00e9tti, br\u00e6\u00f0ralag\u201d<\/i> (kj\u00f6ror\u00f0 fr\u00f6nsku byltingarinnar, 1789)<\/p>\n \u201cFrelsi f\u00e6r ekki sta\u00f0ist sem forr\u00e9ttindi f\u00e1rra\u201d<\/i> (Olof Palme<\/i>, s\u00e6nskur jafna\u00f0armannalei\u00f0togi)<\/p>\n \u201cMe\u00f0 l\u00f6gum skal land byggja, en me\u00f0 \u00f3l\u00f6gum ey\u00f0a\u201d<\/i> (Ari fr\u00f3\u00f0i<\/i>, \u00edslenskur sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur \u00e1 l1tu \u00f6ld)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n \u00c9g \u00e1 r\u00e6tur a\u00f0 rekja til landn\u00e1msmanna, sem h\u00e9ldu \u00fev\u00ed fram, a\u00f0 \u00feeir hef\u00f0u fremur kosi\u00f0 a\u00f0 yfirgefa heimkynni s\u00edn (meginland Skandinav\u00edu, Skotland og \u00cdrland) en a\u00f0 beygja sig undir vald Noregskonungs. \u00deetta var \u00e1 n\u00edundu og t\u00edundu \u00f6ld, \u00feegar veri\u00f0 var a\u00f0 sameina Noreg me\u00f0 valdi \u00ed eitt r\u00edki. H\u00e9ra\u00f0sh\u00f6f\u00f0ingjar og sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ir landeigendur og \u00e1hangendur \u00feeirra st\u00f3\u00f0u frammi fyrir vali: A\u00f0 sverja hinu n\u00fdja yfirvaldi hollustuei\u00f0a (\u00fear me\u00f0 a\u00f0 sam\u00feykkja skattlagningarvald konungs) e\u00f0a sl\u00edta sig upp me\u00f0 r\u00f3tum og leita n\u00fdrra landa. Landn\u00e1msmenn \u00cdslands v\u00f6ldu seinni kostinn.<\/p>\n S\u00ed\u00f0an hafa meira en \u00ferj\u00e1t\u00edu kynsl\u00f3\u00f0ir alist upp vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00f6gulegu go\u00f0s\u00f6gn (e\u00f0a sannleika), a\u00f0 forfe\u00f0ur okkar hafi fremur vilja\u00f0 h\u00e6tta l\u00edfi s\u00ednu en a\u00f0 f\u00f3rna frelsinu. Draumur \u00feessara h\u00e6lisleitenda fyrri t\u00ed\u00f0ar var a\u00f0 finna go\u00f0sagnakennt draumaland \u2013 Ultima Thule<\/i> \u2013 v\u00ed\u00f0s fjarri mannabygg\u00f0, \u00fear sem \u00feeir g\u00e6tu b\u00fai\u00f0 a\u00f0 s\u00ednu sem frj\u00e1lsir menn.<\/p>\n \u00dear sem \u00feeir komu, a\u00f0 s\u00f6gn, a\u00f0 \u00f3numdu landi (e\u00f0a er \u00fea\u00f0 bara go\u00f0s\u00f6gn sigurvegaranna?), g\u00e1tu \u00feeir kasta\u00f0 eign sinni \u00e1 \u00f3numi\u00f0 land. Hvort tveggja, landkostir og dreifb\u00fdli\u00f0, var l\u00edtt til \u00feess falli\u00f0 a\u00f0 stunda \u00fer\u00e6lahald. \u00dea\u00f0 var \u00fev\u00ed aflagt, snemma \u00e1 landn\u00e1ms\u00f6ld. Sm\u00e1m saman var\u00f0 til samf\u00e9lag sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ra landeigenda, sem voru sta\u00f0fastir \u00ed \u00feeim \u00e1setningi s\u00ednum a\u00f0 l\u00fata engu yfirvaldi af \u00fev\u00ed tagi, sem \u00feeir h\u00f6f\u00f0u fl\u00fai\u00f0 fr\u00e1.<\/p>\n \u00cd \u00feessum skilningi voru \u00feessir \u00e6vint\u00fdramenn forhertir einstaklingshyggjumenn<\/i>. Hitt er jafn satt, a\u00f0 samf\u00e9lag \u00feeirra einkenndist af \u00f3venjulegu jafnr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/i>; \u00feeir litu \u00e1 sj\u00e1lfa sig sem jafningja fremur en undird\u00e1nuga \u00fej\u00f3na sj\u00e1lfskipa\u00f0s yfirvalds. Var \u00feetta ekki sj\u00e1lft \u201cvillta vestri\u00f0\u201d, l\u00f6ngu \u00e1\u00f0ur en Hollywood ger\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 s\u00f6luv\u00f6ru \u2013 draumur frj\u00e1lshyggjumannsins, sem haf\u00f0i r\u00e6st \u00e1 jar\u00f0r\u00edki?<\/p>\n Fyrstu tilv\u00edsun evr\u00f3pskra fr\u00e6\u00f0imanna um \u00feetta fyrirb\u00e6ri mun vera a\u00f0 finna \u00ed ann\u00e1lum Adams Bede<\/b>, biskups \u00ed Bremen fr\u00e111tu \u00f6ld. \u00dear segir biskupinn, a\u00f0 \u00edb\u00faar \u00feessarar fjarl\u00e6gu eyju v\u00e6ru \u00f6\u00f0ru v\u00edsi en f\u00f3lk er flest a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed leyti, \u201ca\u00f0 \u00feeir \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ast engan konung yfir s\u00e9r<\/i>\u201d.<\/p>\n \u00cd samhengi evr\u00f3pskrar mi\u00f0aldas\u00f6gu var \u00feetta vissulega einst\u00e6\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagstilraun. \u00deetta var tilraun til a\u00f0 skapa samf\u00e9lag fr\u00e1lsborinna manna og kvenna, sem lutu einum l\u00f6gum, en engu framkv\u00e6mdavaldi af neinu tagi. \u00dea\u00f0 var engin r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rn, ekkert emb\u00e6ttisb\u00e1kn, enginn her, engin l\u00f6gregla og ekkert mi\u00f0st\u00fdrt \u00fevingunarvald til \u00feess a\u00f0 halda uppi l\u00f6gum og reglu me\u00f0al \u00f3st\u00fdril\u00e1tra landnema. Var \u00feetta ekki l\u00edka draumur stj\u00f3rnleysingjans or\u00f0inn a\u00f0 veruleika?<\/p>\n Og me\u00f0al annarra or\u00f0a: Kvenr\u00e9ttindi vir\u00f0ast hafa veri\u00f0 drj\u00fagum meiri en annars sta\u00f0ar \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu \u00e1 \u00feeirri t\u00ed\u00f0.Me\u00f0al fyrstu landnemanna voru v\u00ed\u00f0kunnar og virtar \u00e6ttm\u00e6\u00f0ur. Konur g\u00e1tu ekki einasta kasta\u00f0 eign sinni \u00e1 l\u00f6nd og landg\u00e6\u00f0i; r\u00e9ttur \u00feeirra til hj\u00f3naskilna\u00f0ar var virtur, sem og eignarr\u00e9ttur \u00feeirra vi\u00f0 hj\u00faskaparslit. Brimarbiskupi hef\u00f0i ugglaust \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feetta t\u00ed\u00f0indum s\u00e6ta, hef\u00f0i hann bara vita\u00f0 af \u00fev\u00ed.<\/p>\n Mi\u00f0punktur landnemasamf\u00e9lagsins var Al\u00feingi, \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0\u00feingi\u00f0. Al\u00feingi var hvort tvggja, l\u00f6ggjafarsamkunda og d\u00f3mst\u00f3ll. \u00dea\u00f0 var haldi\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00deingv\u00f6llum \u00ed \u00ferj\u00e1r vikur \u00ed \u00e1g\u00fastm\u00e1nu\u00f0i (ford\u00e6mi, sem margir telja, a\u00f0 v\u00e6ri til b\u00f3ta, a\u00f0 Al\u00feingi okkar t\u00edma t\u00e6ki s\u00e9r til fyrirmyndar).<\/p>\n \u00de\u00f3tt Al\u00feingi v\u00e6ri ekki samkunda kj\u00f6rinna fulltr\u00faa, eins og n\u00fa t\u00ed\u00f0kast, var \u00fea\u00f0 engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur b\u00fdsna l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isleg samkunda. \u00deingfulltr\u00faar komu \u00far r\u00f6\u00f0um h\u00e9ra\u00f0sh\u00f6f\u00f0ingja, sem kv\u00f6ddu me\u00f0 s\u00e9r til \u00feings n\u00e1nustu r\u00e1\u00f0gjafa s\u00edna. R\u00e1\u00f0gjafarnir voru valdir \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0i, v\u00e6ntanlega vegna meintrar stj\u00f3rnvisku \u00feeirra e\u00f0a p\u00f3lit\u00edskra \u00e1hrifa. \u00de\u00f3tt hollusta vi\u00f0 h\u00f6f\u00f0ingjann v\u00e6ri talin dygg\u00f0, g\u00e1tu heimamenn engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur sagt sig fr\u00e1 stu\u00f0ningi vi\u00f0 h\u00e9ra\u00f0sh\u00f6f\u00f0ingja e\u00f0a jafnvel afsagt \u00fe\u00e1. \u00deetta \u00fe\u00fdddi, a\u00f0 varasamt var a\u00f0 vanmeta \u00e1hrif heimamanna.<\/p>\n Al\u00feingi kaus s\u00e9r l\u00f6gs\u00f6gumann \u2013 forseta \u2013 sem gegndi starfinu tilteki\u00f0 kj\u00f6rt\u00edmabil. L\u00f6gs\u00f6guma\u00f0ur var valinn \u00far h\u00f3pi l\u00f6gv\u00edsra manna og st\u00fdr\u00f0i einnig d\u00f3mst\u00f6rfum. \u00c1\u00f0ur en l\u00f6gin voru skr\u00e1\u00f0 (elsti lagatextinn er fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed snemma \u00e1 12tu \u00f6ld), f\u00f3r l\u00f6gs\u00f6guma\u00f0urinn me\u00f0 \u00e1grip helstu laga \u00ed heyranda hlj\u00f3\u00f0i \u00e1 Al\u00feingi. \u00deetta hefur veri\u00f0 eins konar h\u00e1sk\u00f3li (e\u00f0a fullor\u00f0insfr\u00e6\u00f0sla) og getur sennilega talist me\u00f0 elstu lagadeildum h\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00ed heiminum.<\/p>\n Er eitthva\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessari s\u00f6gu, sem skiptir m\u00e1li fyrir samt\u00edmann? \u00c6tli \u00fea\u00f0 fari ekki a\u00f0 einhverju leyti eftir l\u00edfssko\u00f0un lesandans e\u00f0a gildismati: Hvar dregur \u00fe\u00fa markal\u00ednuna milli einstaklingsfrelsis<\/i> og samf\u00e9lags\u00e1byrg\u00f0ar<\/i>? Hvert er hlutverk hins svokalla\u00f0a frj\u00e1lsa marka\u00f0ar<\/i> \u2013 athafnafrelsisins annars vegar og r\u00edkisvaldsins<\/i> hins vegar?Hvernig viljum vi\u00f0 leysa fyrirsj\u00e1anlegan \u00e1rekstur milli hagvaxtarkr\u00f6funnar<\/i> annars vegar og endimarka vaxtar<\/i>, sem n\u00e1tt\u00faran setur okkur, hins vegar? Allar \u00feessar spurningar, sem vi\u00f0 n\u00fa leitum svara vi\u00f0, voru \u00fe\u00e1 \u00feegar \u00e1leitnar \u00ed veruleika forfe\u00f0ra okkar. Meira a\u00f0 segja fyrirb\u00e6ri eins og ofbeit og jar\u00f0vegsey\u00f0ing voru vandam\u00e1l sem, landnema\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi\u00f0 st\u00f3\u00f0 frammi fyrir.<\/p>\n Margir helstu m\u00e1lsvarar n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjunnar \u00e1 okkar d\u00f6gum, talsmenn frj\u00e1lsra marka\u00f0a og l\u00e1gmarksr\u00edkisins, eru kunnir a\u00f0d\u00e1endur hins forna \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0veldis \u00cdslendinga. Einn \u00feeirra, David Freedman<\/b>, (sonur Miltons<\/b>, sp\u00e1manns Chicago-sk\u00f3lans og N\u00f3bels-ver\u00f0launahafa \u00ed hagfr\u00e6\u00f0i) hefur meira a\u00f0 segja skrifa\u00f0 um \u00fea\u00f0 b\u00f3k. \u00cd samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 s\u00edna eigin l\u00edfss\u00fdn leggur hann \u00e1herslu \u00e1 dygg\u00f0ir \u00feessa \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lags frj\u00e1lsra einstaklinga undir einum l\u00f6gum og takm\u00f6rku\u00f0u r\u00edkisvaldi \u2013 e\u00f0a , \u00fea\u00f0 sem meira var \u00ed \u00feessu tilviki \u2013 alls engu r\u00edkisvaldi yfirleitt!<\/p>\n \u00d6\u00f0rum \u00feykir henta a\u00f0 leggja meiri \u00e1herslu \u00e1 j\u00f6fnu\u00f0inn, sem r\u00edkti \u00ed \u00feessu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi, a.m.k. framan af, \u00e1 bl\u00f3maskei\u00f0i \u00feess, me\u00f0an \u00fea\u00f0 virtist r\u00e1\u00f0a vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 leysa innri vandam\u00e1l s\u00edn og a\u00f0 halda valdbeitingar\u00e1r\u00e1ttunni \u00ed skefjum.<\/p>\n En vi\u00f0, seinni t\u00edma jafna\u00f0armenn, viljum fyrst og fremst leggja \u00e1herslu \u00e1, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 var vaxandi \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur \u2013 og \u00fear me\u00f0 p\u00f3lit\u00edskt \u00f3jafnr\u00e6\u00f0i \u2013 sem undir lokin batt endi \u00e1 \u00feessa merkilegu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagstilraun. \u00de\u00e1 haf\u00f0i hi\u00f0 upphaflega jafnv\u00e6gi milli frelsis einstaklingsins og jafnr\u00e6\u00f0is \u00feegnanna fari\u00f0 \u00far skor\u00f0um.<\/p>\n Sm\u00e1m saman f\u00e6r\u00f0ist landareign (helsta andlag au\u00f0s \u00ed landb\u00fana\u00f0arsamf\u00e9lagi) \u00e1 hendur \u00e6 f\u00e6rri fj\u00f6lskyldna e\u00f0a \u00e6ttb\u00e1lka (oft \u00ed bandalagi vi\u00f0 kirkjuvaldi\u00f0, eftir a\u00f0 kristni var l\u00f6gtekin \u00e1 Al\u00feingi \u00e1ri\u00f0 1000). \u00deessir r\u00e1\u00f0andi \u00e6ttb\u00e1lkar ur\u00f0u a\u00f0 lokum svo valdamiklir, a\u00f0 \u00feeir ur\u00f0u \u00ed skj\u00f3li valds hafnir yfir l\u00f6gin<\/i>. \u00c1 fyrri hluta 13du aldar brutust innbyr\u00f0is \u00e1t\u00f6k \u00feessara valda\u00e6tta \u00fat \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0ugri borgarastyrj\u00f6ld. A\u00f0 lokum skarst Noregskonungur \u00ed leikinn \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed skyni a\u00f0 stilla til fri\u00f0ar og koma \u00e1 l\u00f6gum og reglu. En fri\u00f0ur og st\u00f6\u00f0ugleiki var d\u00fdru ver\u00f0i keyptur. Al\u00feingi var\u00f0 a\u00f0 sverja Noregskonungi hollustuei\u00f0a og beygja sig undir skattlagningarvald konungs.<\/p>\n Sagan haf\u00f0i sn\u00faist fullan hring. \u00deeir sem misnotu\u00f0u frelsi\u00f0 og skeyttu \u00ed engu um samf\u00e9lagslega \u00e1byrg\u00f0 s\u00edna, gl\u00f6tu\u00f0u \u00fev\u00ed. Frelsi einstaklingsins var\u00f0 ekki vi\u00f0haldi\u00f0 til lengdar, \u00e1n \u00edhlutunar og a\u00f0halds fr\u00e1 (l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegu) r\u00edkisvaldi. Frelsi allra var\u00f0 ekki tryggt, nema allir nytu jafnr\u00e6\u00f0is fyrir l\u00f6gunum. Hvort tveggja \u00feetta, l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islega \u00e1byrgt r\u00edkisvald og sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0a d\u00f3mst\u00f3la \u00fearf til a\u00f0 halda \u00ed skefjum inngr\u00f3inni tilhneigingu \u00ed mannlegu samf\u00e9lagi, \u00feess e\u00f0lis, a\u00f0 hinir f\u00e1u k\u00fagi hina m\u00f6rgu \u2013 \u00ed skj\u00f3li au\u00f0s e\u00f0a valds. A\u00f0 lokum var \u00fea\u00f0 \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0urinn, sem ey\u00f0ilag\u00f0i drauminn um frelsi og samst\u00f6\u00f0u<\/b>. \u00dea\u00f0 er l\u00e6rd\u00f3murinn, sem dreginn ver\u00f0ur af \u00feessari s\u00f6gu.<\/p>\n \u00dea\u00f0 er svo anna\u00f0 m\u00e1l, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 t\u00f3k \u00cdslendinga um \u00fea\u00f0 bil sj\u00f6 aldir a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta fyrir afgl\u00f6p s\u00edn og endurheimta sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0, snemma \u00e1 tuttugust \u00f6ld.<\/p>\n \u00dea\u00f0 er margt \u00f3tr\u00falega l\u00edkt me\u00f0 gamla \u00edslenska \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0veldinu og landnema\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9laginu \u00ed Nor\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku, sem var\u00f0 til nokkrum \u00f6ldum s\u00ed\u00f0ar, eftir gr\u00ed\u00f0arlega \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0flutninga, \u00ed upphafi a\u00f0allega fr\u00e1 Evr\u00f3pu, til hins fyrirheitna lands \u00ed vestri.<\/p>\n \u00cd b\u00e1\u00f0um tilvikum var f\u00f3lk a\u00f0 fl\u00fdja valdstj\u00f3rn og st\u00e9ttaskiptingu, \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9l\u00f6g, \u00fear sem erf\u00f0aa\u00f0all r\u00e9\u00f0i l\u00f6gum og lofum og tr\u00faarofst\u00e6ki kirkjuvaldsins \u00feoldi ekki frj\u00e1lsa hugsun. \u00cd b\u00e1\u00f0um tilvikum voru h\u00e6lisleitendur a\u00f0 leita n\u00fdrra t\u00e6kif\u00e6ra til a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta efnahagslega afkomu s\u00edna og sinna, \u00ed krafti athafnafrelsis. \u00cd b\u00e1\u00f0um tilvikum var f\u00f3lk rei\u00f0ub\u00fai\u00f0 a\u00f0 taka \u00e1h\u00e6ttu og \u00feola l\u00edkamlegt har\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed leit sinni a\u00f0 frelsinu, me\u00f0 vonina um frj\u00e1lst og r\u00e9ttl\u00e1tt \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lag a\u00f0 lei\u00f0arlj\u00f3si.<\/p>\n \u00cd b\u00e1\u00f0um tilvikum var n\u00f3g landr\u00fdmi til a\u00f0 kasta eign sinni \u00e1 og brj\u00f3ta til r\u00e6ktunar. En \u00fea\u00f0 var l\u00edka reginmunur \u00e1 a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um landnemanna a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti. Amer\u00edka var ekki \u00f3numi\u00f0 land. Hinir a\u00f0fluttu Evr\u00f3pumenn beittu yfirbur\u00f0a vopnavaldi til a\u00f0 \u00fatr\u00fdma hinum innf\u00e6ddu e\u00f0a \u00fer\u00f6ngva \u00feeim me\u00f0 valdi \u00fat \u00e1 ja\u00f0ar samf\u00e9lagsins til a\u00f0 skapa r\u00fdmi fyrir sig. Og \u00fer\u00e6lahald festist \u00ed sessi \u00ed Su\u00f0urr\u00edkjunum sem undirsta\u00f0a plantekruhagkerfisins. \u00dea\u00f0 kosta\u00f0i bl\u00f3\u00f0uga borgarastyrj\u00f6ld a\u00f0 halda sambandsr\u00edkinu saman og a\u00f0 byrja afn\u00e1m \u00fer\u00e6lahaldsins, sem n\u00e1\u00f0ist \u00fe\u00f3 ekki fram \u00ed reynd fyrr en \u00e1 seinni hluta n\u00e6stli\u00f0innar aldar, fyrir \u00e1hrif \u00f6flugrar mannr\u00e9ttindahreyfingar (Civil Rights Movement).<\/p>\n Amer\u00edka var\u00f0 af \u00feessum s\u00f6kum afar ofbeldisfullt samf\u00e9lag, arfleif\u00f0 aftan \u00far villta vestrinu, \u00fear sem byssan skar \u00far um deilur manna. R\u00e9tturinn til a\u00f0 bera vopn er vernda\u00f0ur \u00ed bandar\u00edsku stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni. Bandar\u00edkjamenn hneigjast til \u00feess, allt fram \u00e1 okkar daga, a\u00f0 vera tortryggnir \u2013 jafnvel fjandsamlegir \u2013 \u00edhlutun r\u00edkisins um \u00feeirra hag, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt um s\u00e9 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a umhyggjusemi af \u00fev\u00ed tagi a\u00f0 tryggja \u00f6llum borgurum r\u00e9tt til sj\u00fakratrygginga.<\/p>\n \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir risavaxinn hallarekstur r\u00edkisins og hra\u00f0vaxandi vi\u00f0skiptahalla og trillj\u00f3nir dollara \u00ed opinberum skuldum, neita margir hverjir a\u00f0 borga skatta. H\u00e6grimenn \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum hafa a\u00f0 v\u00edsu \u00feani\u00f0 \u00fat r\u00edkisb\u00e1kni\u00f0 vegna fj\u00e1rausturs \u00ed v\u00edgb\u00fana\u00f0, en l\u00e6kka \u00e1 sama t\u00edma skatta \u00e1 hina r\u00edku og neita \u00fear me\u00f0 a\u00f0 borga fyrir bru\u00f0li\u00f0. Og mesta vopnasafn heims er ekki a\u00f0 finna \u00ed h\u00f6ndum einr\u00e6\u00f0isherra \u00feri\u00f0ja heimsins \u2013 heldur undir r\u00famum bandar\u00edskra borgara. H\u00f6mlulaus einstaklingshyggja og dj\u00fapr\u00e6tt tortryggni \u00ed gar\u00f0 yfirvalda er enn \u00feann dag \u00ed dag eitt helsta s\u00e9rkenni bandar\u00edsks \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lags.<\/p>\n En \u00fe\u00f3tt margt s\u00e9 \u00f3l\u00edkt er anna\u00f0 sl\u00e1andi l\u00edkt me\u00f0 landnema\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9l\u00f6gum okkar \u00cdslendinga og Bandar\u00edkjamanna, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0skilna\u00f0 \u00ed t\u00edma og r\u00fami. \u00cd b\u00e1\u00f0um \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9l\u00f6gum var \u00f6fgakennd einstaklingshyggja r\u00e1\u00f0andi. Samt einkenndust \u00feessi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9l\u00f6g af meiri j\u00f6fnu\u00f0i en fyrir fannst \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9l\u00f6gum erf\u00f0aa\u00f0als \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu. \u00cdmynd Bandar\u00edkjanna var s\u00fa, a\u00f0 \u00feau v\u00e6ru land t\u00e6kif\u00e6ranna fyrir hina snau\u00f0u og \u00fatiloku\u00f0u. \u00deetta er beinl\u00ednis skilgreining hins amer\u00edska draums. Viljir\u00f0u leggja hart a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e9r, getur\u00f0u or\u00f0i\u00f0 r\u00edkur.<\/p>\n \u00cdslenska tilraunin um \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lag, sem bygg\u00f0i \u00e1 n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjudraumnum um frelsi einstaklingsins fr\u00e1 \u00fevingunarvaldi r\u00edkisins, st\u00f3\u00f0 \u00ed 330 \u00e1r. Undir lokin f\u00f3r \u00feessu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi st\u00f6\u00f0ugt hnignandi vegna vaxandi \u00f3jafna\u00f0ar, sem leiddi af s\u00e9r f\u00e9lagslega upplausn, borgarastr\u00ed\u00f0 og endanlega uppgj\u00f6f.<\/p>\n Amer\u00edska tilraunin me\u00f0 frelsi\u00f0 hefur n\u00fa sta\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed 235 \u00e1r. \u00de\u00f3tt Bandar\u00edkin hafi enn a\u00f0dr\u00e1ttarafl fyrir snau\u00f0a innflytjendur, a\u00f0allega fr\u00e1 hinum \u201chrundu r\u00edkjum\u201d (e. failed states) Mi\u00f0-Amer\u00edku, er n\u00fa svo komi\u00f0, a\u00f0 Bandar\u00edkin eru or\u00f0in mesta \u00f3jafna\u00f0ar\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lag heims<\/i> me\u00f0al hinna svok\u00f6llu\u00f0u \u00fer\u00f3unarr\u00edkja. \u00c1 s.l. 30 \u00e1rum hefur \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0urinn n\u00e1\u00f0 sl\u00edkri st\u00e6r\u00f0argr\u00e1\u00f0u, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 vekur upp spurninguna: Er frelsi\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 forr\u00e9ttindum hinna f\u00e1u \u2013 \u00e1 kostna\u00f0 \u00fatilokunar hinna m\u00f6rgu?<\/p>\n Vikuriti\u00f0 Economist<\/i> birti \u00ed jan. 2011 s\u00e9rhefti um hina r\u00edku og okkur hin (\u201cThe Rich and the Rest of Us\u201d), \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 birti miki\u00f0 talnafl\u00f3\u00f0 um vaxandi \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0 innan \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9laga og milli hinna r\u00edku \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a og afgangsins af mannkyninu. T\u00edmariti\u00f0 vitna\u00f0i \u00ed ranns\u00f3kn, sem The Economic Policy Institute \u00ed Washington D.C. birti n\u00fdlega, \u00fear sem kanna\u00f0 var hlutfall me\u00f0altekna hinna r\u00edku annars vegar og \u201cbotnlagsins\u201d, \u00fe.e. 90% \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar hins vegar, \u00e1 aldarfj\u00f3r\u00f0ungst\u00edmabili (fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1980 til \u00e1rsins 2006). Vi\u00f0 upphaf t\u00edmabilsins \u00fe\u00e9nu\u00f0u 1% hinna r\u00edku t\u00edu sinnum meira en afgangurinn af \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9laginu. Aldarfj\u00f3r\u00f0ungi s\u00ed\u00f0ar, e\u00f0a \u00e1ri\u00f0 2006, \u00fe\u00e9nu\u00f0u \u00feeir 20 sinnum meira en hinir.<\/p>\n En \u00feegar kemur a\u00f0 hinum ofurr\u00edku \u2013 sem flokkast undir 0.1% framteljenda \u2013 \u00fe\u00e1 reyndust tekjur \u00feeirra vi\u00f0 upphaf t\u00edmabilsins vera 20 sinnum meiri en tekjur 90 % framteljenda, en voru or\u00f0nar 80 sinnum<\/i> meiri undir lok \u00feess. \u00c1 sama t\u00edma hafa laun millitekjuf\u00f3lks og l\u00e1gtekjuf\u00f3lks sta\u00f0na\u00f0 vegna \u00e1hrifa t\u00e6knibreytinga, al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0av\u00e6\u00f0ingar og hnignandi \u00e1hrifa verkal\u00fd\u00f0sf\u00e9laga.<\/p>\n Hollenski hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn, Jan Pen<\/b>, fann upp myndr\u00e6na a\u00f0fer\u00f0 til a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0inum, sem Economist<\/i> vitnar til. \u00cdmyndum okkur, a\u00f0 l\u00edkamleg h\u00e6\u00f0 einstaklinga s\u00e9 hlutfallsleg vi\u00f0 tekjur \u00feeirra, \u00feannig a\u00f0 me\u00f0altekjuma\u00f0ur birtist okkur \u00ed me\u00f0alh\u00e6\u00f0. \u00cdmyndum okkur svo, a\u00f0 allir fullor\u00f0nir einstaklingar me\u00f0al amer\u00edsku \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar gangi fram hj\u00e1 okkur, \u00ed stigh\u00e6kkandi h\u00e6\u00f0, innan einnar klukkustundar<\/i>. Jan Pen l\u00fdsir skr\u00fa\u00f0g\u00f6ngunni svona:<\/p>\n \u201c\u00deeir sem fyrst ganga fram hj\u00e1, eigendur fyrirt\u00e6kja, sem rekin eru me\u00f0 tapi, eru \u00f3s\u00fdnilegir; h\u00f6fu\u00f0 \u00feeirra eru ne\u00f0anjar\u00f0ar. S\u00ed\u00f0an koma hinir atvinnulausu og f\u00f3lki\u00f0 \u00e1 l\u00e6gstu launum \u2013 sem birtist okkur sem dvergar. Eftir h\u00e1lft\u00edma skr\u00fa\u00f0g\u00f6ngu n\u00e1 \u00feeir sem framhj\u00e1 ganga venjulegu f\u00f3lki a\u00f0eins \u00ed mitti… \u00dea\u00f0 tekur n\u00e6rri \u00fev\u00ed 45 m\u00edn\u00fatur<\/i>, \u00e1\u00f0ur en vi\u00f0 sj\u00e1um f\u00f3lk af e\u00f0lilegri st\u00e6r\u00f0. En \u00e1 lokam\u00edn\u00fatunum sj\u00e1um vi\u00f0 risa storma fram hj\u00e1. \u00deegar 6 m\u00edn\u00fatur eru eftir af klukkustundinni, eru risarnir or\u00f0nir t\u00f3lf feta h\u00e1ir. \u00deegar 400 hinna r\u00edkustu ganga fram hj\u00e1 (billj\u00f3nerarnir skv. Fortune 500) r\u00e9tt \u00ed bl\u00e1lokin, er hver \u00feeirra um tv\u00e6r m\u00edlur \u00e1 h\u00e6\u00f0\u201d.<\/p>\n \u00deetta er ekki beinl\u00ednis fj\u00f6lskyldumynd af landi jafnr\u00e9ttisins, \u00fear sem s\u00f6mu leikreglur gilda fyrir alla \u00ed l\u00edfskjarakapphlaupinu, e\u00f0a hva\u00f0?<\/p>\n \u00dea\u00f0 m\u00e1 merkilegt heita, a\u00f0 fa\u00f0ir Bills Gates<\/b>, sem telst vera annar r\u00edkasti ma\u00f0ur heims, og Warren Buffet<\/b>, s\u00e1 \u00feri\u00f0ji r\u00edkasti, hafa teki\u00f0 h\u00f6ndum saman um a\u00f0 berjast fyrir \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 erf\u00f0afj\u00e1rskattur ver\u00f0i endurreistur \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum (en hann var afnuminn \u00ed forsetat\u00ed\u00f0 Bush jr<\/b>.). \u00deeir segjast ekki vilja sj\u00e1 amer\u00edska drauminn afskr\u00e6mdan me\u00f0 \u00feeim h\u00e6tti, a\u00f0 \u201callsr\u00e1\u00f0andi peningaa\u00f0all\u201d (e. plutocracy<\/b>) hafi kasta\u00f0 eign sinni \u00e1 samf\u00e9lagi\u00f0 me\u00f0 g\u00f6gnum \u00feess og g\u00e6\u00f0um. En svona er \u00feetta n\u00fa samt. Jafnvel hin g\u00f6mlu og st\u00e9ttskiptu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9l\u00f6g erf\u00f0aa\u00f0alsins \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu eru n\u00fa or\u00f0in meiri jafna\u00f0ar\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9l\u00f6g heldur en hi\u00f0 fyrirheitna land amer\u00edska draumsins.<\/p>\n Og hva\u00f0 me\u00f0 afganginn af mannkyninu?<\/b> Samkv\u00e6mt Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report \u00e1ri\u00f0 2010 \u2013 og Svisslendingar \u00e6ttu a\u00f0 \u00feekkja \u00feetta \u2013 eru lykilt\u00f6lurnar eftirfarandi:<\/p>\n \u00c1 toppi p\u00edram\u00eddans finnum vi\u00f0 hina ofurr\u00edku. \u00deetta eru u.\u00fe.b. 80 \u00fe\u00fasund einstaklingar allt \u00ed allt \u2013 \u00feeir g\u00e6tu r\u00famast vel \u00e1 mi\u00f0lungs \u00ed\u00fer\u00f3ttavelli \u2013 og \u00feeir r\u00e1\u00f0a yfir miklum meirihluta af ver\u00f0metnum eignum h\u00e9r \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0u. Inng\u00f6nguskilyr\u00f0in \u00ed \u00feennan forr\u00e9ttindakl\u00fabb eru str\u00f6ng. \u00de\u00f3tt flestir s\u00e9u bandar\u00edskir (40%), er \u00feetta samt al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt \u00feotuli\u00f0. Me\u00f0al \u00feeirra eru f\u00e1einir uppfinningamenn og frumkv\u00f6\u00f0lar, sem hafa lagt miki\u00f0 af m\u00f6rkum \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu mannskyns. Margir eru innv\u00edg\u00f0ir \u00ed launhelgum al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0afj\u00e1rm\u00e1la. Margir eru bankamenn, sem hafa n\u00fdveri\u00f0 skili\u00f0 eftir sig milljar\u00f0askuldir \u00e6tla\u00f0ar skattgrei\u00f0endum til grei\u00f0a upp \u00e1 n\u00e6stu \u00e1rum og \u00e1ratugum.<\/p>\n Sumir eru skuggabaldrar \u00far ne\u00f0anjar\u00f0arver\u00f6ld al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legrar gl\u00e6pastarfsemi. \u00dearna er l\u00edka a\u00f0 finna \u00f3f\u00e1a einr\u00e6\u00f0isherra \u00far \u00feri\u00f0ja heiminum, sem hafa stungi\u00f0 af me\u00f0 r\u00edkissj\u00f3\u00f0i sinna \u00f6rsnau\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a \u00ed farteskinu. Loks er \u00fearna a\u00f0 finna fj\u00f6lda erf\u00f0aprinsa, einstaklinga, sem hafa erft s\u00edvaxandi fj\u00f6lskylduau\u00f0, sem gengi\u00f0 hefur \u00ed arf, kynsl\u00f3\u00f0 fram af kynsl\u00f3\u00f0.<\/p>\n \u00deessi yfir\u00feyrmandi \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur hefur fari\u00f0 \u00f6rt vaxandi \u00e1 s.l. 30 \u00e1rum \u2013 \u00e1 \u00feeim t\u00edma sem n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjan hefur r\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 l\u00f6gum og lofum \u00ed heiminum. \u201cS.l. \u00e1ratugur hefur veri\u00f0 s\u00e9rlega hagst\u00e6\u00f0ur stofnun, var\u00f0veislu og vexti mikilla au\u00f0\u00e6fa\u201d, eins og h\u00f6fundar Credit Suisse- sk\u00fdrslunnar or\u00f0a \u00fea\u00f0.<\/p>\n Hvers vegna hefur \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur fari\u00f0 svo \u00f6rt vaxandi \u00e1 seinustu \u00e1ratugum? A\u00f0 fenginni 300 \u00e1ra reynslu af laissez-faire<\/i> kap\u00edtalisma \u2013 hinu frj\u00e1lsa marka\u00f0skerfi \u2013 l\u00e6tur okkur varla a\u00f0 l\u00e1tast vera hissa. Samkeppni \u00e1 marka\u00f0i \u00fej\u00f3nar beinl\u00ednis \u00feeim tilgangi a\u00f0 umbuna \u00feeim sem n\u00e1 \u00e1rangri, en refsa hinum. \u00deetta \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 er innbygg\u00f0 tilhneiging \u00ed marka\u00f0skerfinu til \u00feess a\u00f0 au\u00f0urinn safnist \u00e1 \u00e6 f\u00e6rri hendur.<\/p>\n \u00deessi umskautun \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsins milli hinna r\u00edku og voldugu annars vegar og hins stritandi l\u00fd\u00f0s hins vegar, var kveikjan a\u00f0 bl\u00f3\u00f0ugum byltingum \u00e1 \u00f6ldinni sem lei\u00f0. \u00dear sem l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 virka\u00f0i hins vegar, beitti almenningur tj\u00e1ningarfrelsi s\u00ednu og samtakam\u00e6tti til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 t\u00f6kum \u00e1 r\u00edksvaldinu, sem \u00ed nafni almannahagsmuna beisla\u00f0i kap\u00edtalismann og beitt s\u00e9r fyrir meiri j\u00f6fnu\u00f0i \u00ed eigna- og tekjuskiptingu en marka\u00f0urinn leiddi til. \u00deekktasta d\u00e6mi\u00f0 um \u00feetta er \u201cNew Dea<\/i>l\u201d Roosevelts<\/b> og dem\u00f3kratanna \u00ed Bandar\u00edkunum eftir a\u00f0 marka\u00f0sbrestur<\/i> haf\u00f0i leitt til efnahagshruns og fj\u00f6ldaatvinnuleysis um ver\u00f6ld v\u00ed\u00f0a. \u00deetta voru vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isins vi\u00f0 hruni kap\u00edtalismans, eftir a\u00f0 \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur kerfisins haf\u00f0i vaxi\u00f0 umfram \u00feolm\u00f6rk.<\/p>\n Norr\u00e6na m\u00f3deli\u00f0 \u2013 hin svokalla\u00f0a \u00feri\u00f0ja lei\u00f0<\/i> jafna\u00f0armanna milli laissez-faire<\/i> kap\u00edtalisma og r\u00edkisv\u00e6\u00f0ingar<\/i> (\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0n\u00fdtingar framlei\u00f0slut\u00e6kjanna) \u2013 \u00e1 s\u00e9r sams konar sk\u00fdringar. Norr\u00e6nir jafna\u00f0armenn afl\u00f6g\u00f0u ekki marka\u00f0inn, en settu hann undir h\u00fasaga samf\u00e9lagsins. Tage Erlander<\/b>, fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0herra s\u00e6nskra jafna\u00f0armanna lengur en elstu menn muna, var vanur a\u00f0 segja, a\u00f0 marka\u00f0urinn v\u00e6ri \u00fearfur \u00fej\u00f3nn en \u00f3\u00feolandi h\u00fasb\u00f3ndi. Undir forystu jafna\u00f0armanna n\u00fdttu Sv\u00edar vald hins l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islega r\u00edkisvalds, me\u00f0 stu\u00f0ningi fj\u00f6ldahreyfinga f\u00f3lks og afl skipulag\u00f0rar verkal\u00fd\u00f0shreyfingar a\u00f0 bakhjarli, til \u00feess a\u00f0 tryggja meiri f\u00e9lagslegan j\u00f6fnu\u00f0 en marka\u00f0skerfi\u00f0 \u00f3\u00e1reitt hef\u00f0i leitt til.<\/p>\n T\u00e6kin sem \u00feeir beittu voru einkum stigh\u00e6kkandi tekjuskattur, \u00f3keypis a\u00f0gangur a\u00f0 menntun og skyldu\u00fe\u00e1tttaka almennings \u00ed heilbrig\u00f0istryggingum og l\u00edfeyrissj\u00f3\u00f0um. R\u00edksvaldi\u00f0 l\u00f6gfesti og sveitarf\u00e9l\u00f6gin s\u00e1u um a\u00f0 tryggja faglega um\u00f6nnun barna til \u00feess a\u00f0 gera konur frj\u00e1lsar<\/i> a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 taka fullan \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed atvinnul\u00edfinu. Og r\u00edki\u00f0 trygg\u00f0i afkomu allra \u00feeirra, sem af einhverjum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um voru \u00f3f\u00e6rir um a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 s\u00e9r farbor\u00f0a \u00e1 vinnumarka\u00f0num. Me\u00f0 \u00feessum t\u00e6kjum bygg\u00f0u norr\u00e6nir jafna\u00f0armenn mestu jafna\u00f0ar\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9l\u00f6g \u00e1 jar\u00f0r\u00edki. Hvorki me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 afnema kap\u00edtalismann n\u00e9 me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 f\u00f3rna frelsinu. \u00devert \u00e1 m\u00f3ti, eins og Olof Palme var vanur a\u00f0 segja: \u201cMe\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tryggja t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri allra, \u00e1n tillits til efnahags, st\u00e9ttar e\u00f0a st\u00f6\u00f0u, til \u00feess a\u00f0 afla s\u00e9r menntunar og \u00feroska h\u00e6fileika s\u00edna, erum vi\u00f0 \u00ed reynd a\u00f0 f\u00e6ra \u00fat landam\u00e6ri frelsisins<\/i>\u201d.<\/p>\n \u00c1 \u00e1rinu 2004 var \u00e9g be\u00f0inn um a\u00f0 flytja stefnur\u00e6\u00f0u \u00e1 \u00e1rsfundi framkv\u00e6mdastj\u00f3ra helstu stofnana norr\u00e6nu velfer\u00f0arr\u00edkjanna \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn. Heiti r\u00e6\u00f0unnar var: \u201cThe Welfare State and its Enemies<\/i>\u201d. Titillinn v\u00edsar af \u00e1settu r\u00e1\u00f0i \u00ed rit Karls Popper<\/b>: \u201cThe Open Society and its Enemies<\/i>\u201d.<\/p>\n \u00cd \u00feessum fyrirlestri l\u00fdsti \u00e9g \u00fev\u00ed, hvernig velfer\u00f0arr\u00edkjum samt\u00edmans v\u00e6ri haldi\u00f0 \u00ed g\u00edslingu: Annars vegar v\u00e6ri \u00fear a\u00f0 verki hinn al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legi peningaa\u00f0all. Hann kref\u00f0ist \u00e6 meira athafnafrelsis fr\u00e1 \u00edhlutun og eftirliti r\u00edkisins, af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hamla\u00f0i h\u00e1marksar\u00f0i og \u00fear me\u00f0 hagvexti, sem allt \u00e6tti a\u00f0 sn\u00faast um. Hins vegar v\u00e6ri velfer\u00f0arr\u00edki\u00f0 ekki lengur vari\u00f0 af \u00feeim, sem mest \u00e6ttu undir \u00fev\u00ed f\u00e9lagslega \u00f6ryggi sem \u00fea\u00f0 veitti. Almenningur var or\u00f0inn v\u00e6ruk\u00e6r og t\u00f3k sem gefinn hlut, \u00fea\u00f0 sem fyrri kynsl\u00f3\u00f0ir h\u00f6f\u00f0u barist fyrir, \u00ed nafni f\u00e9lagslegrar samst\u00f6\u00f0u.<\/p>\n Kjarninn \u00ed bo\u00f0skap n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjunnar, sem var\u00f0 a\u00f0 r\u00edkjandi hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 seinustu \u00e1ratugum li\u00f0nnar aldar er, a\u00f0 allir hafi a\u00f0 lokum hag af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 frelsi einstaklingsins f\u00e1i a\u00f0 nj\u00f3ta s\u00edn; \u00feannig yr\u00f0i sk\u00f6punarkraftur hans leystur \u00far l\u00e6\u00f0ingi; hin \u201cdau\u00f0a h\u00f6nd\u201d r\u00edkisins, sem birtist skapandi frumkv\u00f6\u00f0lum sem lamandi afskiptasemi, myndi lei\u00f0a til st\u00f6\u00f0nunar. Frj\u00e1lshyggjumenn vara vi\u00f0 \u00f3fyrirs\u00e9\u00f0um aflei\u00f0ingum vel meinandi en vanhugsa\u00f0ra a\u00f0ger\u00f0a stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamanna, sem nota annarra manna peninga til a\u00f0 kaupa s\u00e9r fylgi. \u00cd lei\u00f0inni b\u00fai \u00feeir til \u201cf\u00e1t\u00e6ktargildrur\u201d og k\u00e6fi n\u00e1tt\u00farlega sj\u00e1lfsbjargarhv\u00f6t f\u00f3lks \u00ed allt-um-vefjandi fa\u00f0mlagi r\u00edkisforsj\u00e1rinnar. Kj\u00f6ror\u00f0 frj\u00e1lshyggjunnar er t\u00e6r populismi: \u201cValdi\u00f0 til f\u00f3lksins\u201d og \u201cni\u00f0ur me\u00f0 m\u00f6ppud\u00fdrin\u201d (regluger\u00f0ar\u00edki\u00f0). \u2013 Fullyr\u00f0ingar frj\u00e1lshyggjumanna um a\u00f0 velfer\u00f0arr\u00edki\u00f0 lama\u00f0i sj\u00e1lfsbjargarhv\u00f6t f\u00f3lk, hafa ekki reynst r\u00e9ttar. Norr\u00e6nu velfer\u00f0arr\u00edkin hafa l\u00f6ngum st\u00e1ta\u00f0 af meiri atvinnu\u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku f\u00f3lks \u00e1 vinnualdri en allar a\u00f0rar n\u00fat\u00edma\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir, a\u00f0 Bandar\u00edkjunum me\u00f0t\u00f6ldum, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 \u00feau trygg\u00f0u l\u00e1gtekjuf\u00f3lki, atvinnulausu, veikum og \u00f6ldru\u00f0um vi\u00f0undandi l\u00edfskj\u00f6r og \u00f6ryggi. \u00deetta var \u00fev\u00ed, og er, \u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0ur.<\/p>\n \u00c1r\u00f3\u00f0urinn bar \u00f3tr\u00falegan \u00e1rangur, enda \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00e6vint\u00fdri\u00f0 enda\u00f0i \u00e1 annan veg en h\u00f6fundarnir h\u00f6f\u00f0u tali\u00f0 hinum ginnkeyptu tr\u00fa um: Nefnilega \u00ed h\u00e6rri sk\u00f6ttum \u00e1 almenning og ni\u00f0urskur\u00f0i f\u00e9lagslegra \u00fatgjalda, til \u00feess a\u00f0 p\u00edna skattgrei\u00f0endur til \u00feess a\u00f0 borga skuldir hinna ofurr\u00edku!<\/p>\n N\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjumenn eru talsmenn l\u00e1gmarksr\u00edkisins. \u00deeir ford\u00e6ma \u00edhlutun r\u00edkisins \u00ed starfsemi frj\u00e1lsra marka\u00f0a. \u00deeir telja sj\u00e1lfum s\u00e9r tr\u00fa um, a\u00f0 marka\u00f0urinn b\u00fai yfir getu til a\u00f0 lei\u00f0r\u00e9tta eigin mist\u00f6k. \u00deeir bo\u00f0a einkav\u00e6\u00f0ingu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arau\u00f0linda og almanna\u00fej\u00f3nustu. \u00deeir krefjast afn\u00e1ms regluger\u00f0a og eftirlits me\u00f0 starfsemi marka\u00f0arins. Til \u00feess a\u00f0 la\u00f0a a\u00f0 erlenda fj\u00e1rfestingu er \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00edkjunum att \u00fat \u00ed samkeppni ni\u00f0ur-\u00e1-vi\u00f0<\/i> til a\u00f0 l\u00e6kka skatta \u00e1 fyrirt\u00e6kjum og fj\u00e1rmagnseigendum. Allt er \u00feetta bo\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00ed nafni aukins hagvaxtar og t\u00e6kniframfara, \u00ed krafti samkeppni. \u00deegar frj\u00e1lshyggjumenn eru spur\u00f0ir, hverjum \u00ed hag hagv\u00f6xturinn s\u00e9, ef br\u00f3\u00f0urpartur hans kemur \u00ed hlut \u00feeirra, sem eru forr\u00edkir fyrir \u2013 \u00fe\u00e1 er svari\u00f0 \u00feetta: Fj\u00e1rfestingar hinna r\u00edku munu skapa st\u00f6rf; og me\u00f0 t\u00ed\u00f0 og t\u00edma munu tekjurnar af fj\u00e1rfestingunni \u201cleka ni\u00f0ur\u201d (e. tricle down) til hinna snau\u00f0u. \u00deetta h\u00e9t \u00e1\u00f0ur, a\u00f0 molar af bor\u00f0um au\u00f0k\u00fdfinganna myndu hrj\u00f3ta ni\u00f0ur til hinna hungrandi. Lyftir ekki fl\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00f6llum b\u00e1tum jafnt?<\/p>\n \u00cd 30 \u00e1r hefur \u00feetta veri\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0andi hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i e\u00f0a vi\u00f0tekin viska (e. Washington-consensus) \u00feeirra, sem r\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 hafa heiminum: Flestra r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rna, stj\u00f3rnarstofnana Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0abankans og Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0agjaldeyrissj\u00f3\u00f0sins og \u00feeirra fj\u00f6l\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0au\u00f0hringa, sem r\u00e1\u00f0a yfir au\u00f0lindum heimsins. \u00dear a\u00f0 auki hefur \u00feetta veri\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0andi hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed akadem\u00edunni, \u00fear sem r\u00e9tttr\u00fana\u00f0arhagfr\u00e6\u00f0i hefur svarist \u00ed f\u00f3stbr\u00e6\u00f0alag vi\u00f0 p\u00f3lit\u00edska r\u00e9tthugsun \u00ed kennslustofunni til \u00feess a\u00f0 heila\u00fevo \u00e6skuna. Eftir fall komm\u00fanismans \u00e1ri\u00f0 1991 bo\u00f0a\u00f0i Bush sr<\/b>. Bandar\u00edkjaforseti, a\u00f0 \u00feessi \u00e1tr\u00fana\u00f0ur v\u00e6ri undirsta\u00f0a n\u00fdrrar heimsskipunar (e. New World Order). Sumir fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn ger\u00f0u sig a\u00f0 vi\u00f0undri me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 kalla \u00feetta \u201cendalok s\u00f6gunnar\u201d (Fukuyama). \u00de\u00fasund\u00e1rar\u00edki\u00f0 var \u00ed n\u00e1nd.<\/p>\n V\u00f6xtur hins f\u00f3tfr\u00e1a al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0afj\u00e1rmagns, \u00ed samanbur\u00f0i vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r tekjur, sem raunhagkerfi\u00f0 (framlei\u00f0sla \u00e1 v\u00f6rum og \u00fej\u00f3nustu) skapar, hefur n\u00e1\u00f0 allt a\u00f0 stjarnfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum st\u00e6r\u00f0um \u00e1 \u00feessum \u00feremur \u00e1ratugum. Hagfr\u00e6\u00f0inga greinir \u00e1 um \u00fea\u00f0 eitt, hvort \u00feetta uppsafna\u00f0a fj\u00e1rmagn, sem \u00fearf a\u00f0 skila eigendum s\u00ednum ar\u00f0i, er or\u00f0i\u00f0 t\u00edu e\u00f0a fimmt\u00e1n- sinnum meira en \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arframlei\u00f0sla heimsins (GDP) \u00e1 \u00e1ri. Amer\u00edkanar or\u00f0a \u00feetta svo, a\u00f0 Wall Street hafi yfirteki\u00f0 Main Street. Valdajafnv\u00e6gi\u00f0 hefur me\u00f0 afdr\u00e1ttarlausum h\u00e6tti sn\u00faist hinu al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega fj\u00e1rmagni \u00ed hag, gegn \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00edkjum, sem eiga \u00ed v\u00f6k a\u00f0 verjast \u2013 og gegn vinnuaflinu. Hinn \u00f3t\u00e6mandi \u201cvaraher hinna atvinnulausu\u201d (svo vitna\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00ed Karl Marx<\/b>), sem hefur gengi\u00f0 til li\u00f0s vi\u00f0 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0hagkerfi\u00f0 me\u00f0al fj\u00f6lmennustu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a heims (K\u00edna, Indland o.fl.) hefur haft \u00feau \u00e1hrif, a\u00f0 laun verkaf\u00f3lks \u00ed \u00fer\u00f3u\u00f0um r\u00edkjum hafa haft tilhneiginu til a\u00f0 sta\u00f0na og samningssta\u00f0a verkal\u00fd\u00f0shreyfingar hefur veikst.<\/p>\n Vilji ma\u00f0ur reyna a\u00f0 skilja \u00e1hrif \u00feessarar \u201cn\u00fdju heimsskipunar\u201d \u2013 sem er r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tt me\u00f0 hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjunnar og bygg\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00f6fgakenndri tr\u00fa \u00e1 yfirbur\u00f0um hins frj\u00e1lsa marka\u00f0ar \u2013 er ekki \u00far vegi a\u00f0 l\u00edta \u00e1 ris og fall \u00cdslands<\/b> \u00e1 seinasta \u00e1ratug sem v\u00edti til varna\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n Fram undir aldam\u00f3tin s\u00ed\u00f0ustu var \u00cdsland tali\u00f0 vera \u00ed h\u00f3pi hinna fimm norr\u00e6nu velfer\u00f0arr\u00edkja \u2013 a\u00f0 v\u00edsu van\u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ra en hin fj\u00f6gur \u2013 en me\u00f0 s\u00f6mu erf\u00f0aeinkenni. Fyrir aldam\u00f3tin s\u00ed\u00f0ustu komst n\u00fd kynsl\u00f3\u00f0 n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjumanna til valda \u00ed Sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isflokknum og n\u00e1\u00f0i \u00fear me\u00f0 forystuhlutverki \u00ed stj\u00f3rn landsins \u00ed r\u00famlega \u00ferj\u00fa kj\u00f6rt\u00edmabil. Flestir voru einl\u00e6gir a\u00f0d\u00e1endur Thatcher<\/b> og Reagan<\/b> og sumir hverjir me\u00f0 hagfr\u00e6\u00f0igr\u00e1\u00f0u fr\u00e1 virtum bandar\u00edskum h\u00e1sk\u00f3lum. \u00deeir ger\u00f0u \u00cdsland a\u00f0 eins konar p\u00f3lit\u00edskri tilraunastofu n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjunnar. A\u00f0 lokum var \u00feeim hent \u00fat fyrir atbeina fj\u00f6ldam\u00f3tm\u00e6la (einsd\u00e6mi \u00ed \u00cdslandss\u00f6gunni), sem voru kennd vi\u00f0 \u201cpotta-og-p\u00f6nnur<\/i>\u201d rei\u00f0ra kj\u00f3senda, sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u fengi\u00f0 sig fullsadda af tilraunastarfseminni.<\/p>\n \u00deegar n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjudrengirnir h\u00f6f\u00f0u fest sig \u00ed sessi, fylgdu \u00feeir gu\u00f0spj\u00f6llunum \u00ed \u00feaula. \u00deeir einkav\u00e6ddu fiskistofnana og afhentu \u00fe\u00e1 fyrirt\u00e6kjum, sem voru p\u00f3lit\u00edskt \u00ed n\u00e1\u00f0inni. \u00deessu er helst a\u00f0 l\u00edkja vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0, hvernig hinar r\u00edkulegu au\u00f0lindir R\u00fasslands voru afhentar f\u00e1einum \u00f3l\u00edg\u00f6rkum, sem \u00fear me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0lu\u00f0ust \u00f3m\u00f3tst\u00e6\u00f0ilegt p\u00f3lit\u00edskt vald \u00ed R\u00fasslandi. Sama \u00e1tti vi\u00f0 um \u00cdsland. N\u00e6st \u00e1 dagskr\u00e1 var einkav\u00e6\u00f0ing bankanna og annarra fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lastofnana. \u00dea\u00f0 var yfirl\u00fdst stj\u00f3rnarstefna a\u00f0 breyta \u00cdslandi \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lami\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0. Hinir n\u00fdju bankaeigendur \u00e1ttu grei\u00f0an a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 \u00f3d\u00fdru l\u00e1nsfj\u00e1rmagni erlendis (sem bygg\u00f0ist \u00e1 l\u00e1nstrausti r\u00edkisins fram a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed) og margf\u00f6ldu\u00f0u starfsemi s\u00edna erlendis, uns \u00feeir voru or\u00f0nir t\u00edu sinnum st\u00e6rri en \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arframlei\u00f0sla \u00cdslands.<\/p>\n \u00deetta var langt umfram \u00fea\u00f0, sem \u00edslenska hagkerfi\u00f0, \u00edslenski Se\u00f0labankinn e\u00f0a grei\u00f0slugeta \u00edslenskra skattgrei\u00f0enda gat sta\u00f0i\u00f0 undir. \u00deegar herti a\u00f0 \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum fj\u00e1rmagnsm\u00f6rku\u00f0um kom \u00e1 daginn, a\u00f0 \u00feessi fj\u00e1rhagslega spilaborg var \u00e1 sandi bygg\u00f0. \u00deegar hinn kunni fj\u00e1rm\u00e1las\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur, Willem Buiter<\/b>, var spur\u00f0ur r\u00e1\u00f0a, sag\u00f0i hann \u00fea\u00f0 ekki spurningu um hvort \u2013 heldur bara hven\u00e6r \u2013 spilaborgin mundi hrynja. Sannleiksaugnabliki\u00f0 kom eftir fall Lehmans Brothers \u00ed september, 2008. \u00dea\u00f0 var neistinn sem kveikti b\u00e1li\u00f0.<\/p>\n \u00cdslenska \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0in var\u00f0 fyrir \u00ferefaldri kreppu<\/i>. Fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lakerfi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinar hrundi \u00ed heild sinni. \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0argjaldmi\u00f0illinn lenti \u00ed frj\u00e1lsu falli, \u00feannig a\u00f0 skuldir fyrirt\u00e6kja og heimila tv\u00f6f\u00f6ldu\u00f0ust n\u00e1nast \u00e1 einni n\u00f3ttu. Aflei\u00f0ingin var\u00f0 ver\u00f0b\u00f3lga, sem \u00fe\u00fdddi, a\u00f0 vextir af l\u00e1num ruku upp \u00ed \u00e1 \u00feri\u00f0ja tug pr\u00f3senta. Se\u00f0labankinn var\u00f0 gjald\u00ferota. Flest fyrirt\u00e6ki voru t\u00e6knilega gjald\u00ferota. Atvinnuleysi\u00f0 rauk upp. M\u00f6rg heimili, sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u teki\u00f0 l\u00e1n \u00ed erlendum gjaldmi\u00f0li \u2013 a\u00f0allega unga f\u00f3lki\u00f0 \u00ed landinu \u2013 hafa misst eignir s\u00ednar. Landfl\u00f3tti hinna ungu er hafinn. Og hvert fara flestir? Aftur til Noregs, landsins sem vi\u00f0 yfirg\u00e1fum fyrir meira en \u00fe\u00fasund \u00e1rum \u2013 \u00e1 fl\u00f3tta undan ofr\u00edki r\u00edkisins og \u00ed leit a\u00f0 frelsinu.<\/p>\n Efnahagskreppan hefur einnig valdi\u00f0 dj\u00fapri stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lakreppu \u2013 jafnvel stj\u00f3rnkerfiskreppu<\/i>. Hin al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega fj\u00e1rsvikamylla, sem s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar hafa afhj\u00fapa\u00f0 eftir fall, er svo risavaxin og fl\u00f3kin, a\u00f0 h\u00fan er langt umfram getu stofnana \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsins (t.d. \u00e1k\u00e6ruvalds, eftirlitsstofnana og d\u00f3mst\u00f3la) til a\u00f0 leysa. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00f3tr\u00falegt en satt, a\u00f0 gjald\u00ferot \u00edslensku bankanna \u00feriggja er af \u00fev\u00edl\u00edkri st\u00e6r\u00f0argr\u00e1\u00f0u, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 n\u00e6r inn \u00e1 listann yfir t\u00edu mestu gjald\u00ferot fj\u00e1rm\u00e1las\u00f6gunnar. G\u00f3\u00f0u fr\u00e9ttirnar eru \u00fe\u00e6r, a\u00f0 \u2013 \u00f3l\u00edkt \u00cdrlandi \u2013 ur\u00f0u \u00edslensku bankarnir gjald\u00ferota. Fegin sem \u00feau vildu, var \u00fea\u00f0 langt umfram getu \u00edslenskra stj\u00f3rnvalda a\u00f0 bjarga b\u00f6nkunum fr\u00e1 falli. Erlendir l\u00e1nadrottnar \u2013 a\u00f0allega \u00fe\u00fdskir bankar \u2013 hafa \u00feess vegna tapa\u00f0 mor\u00f0 fj\u00e1r. \u00dea\u00f0 breytir ekki \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 skuldas\u00fapan, sem \u00edslenskir skattgrei\u00f0endur sitja uppi me\u00f0 eftir \u00feessa tilraunastarfsemi n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjunnar, hefur \u00fe\u00fdtt atvinnu- og eignamissi fyrir fj\u00f6lda f\u00f3lks og l\u00edfskjarasker\u00f0ingu fyrir \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ina \u00ed heild, me\u00f0an h\u00fan er a\u00f0 vinna sig \u00fat \u00far skuldafangelsinu.<\/p>\n Hva\u00f0a l\u00e6rd\u00f3ma m\u00e1 af \u00feessu draga? \u00deennan me\u00f0al annars: A\u00f0 sleppa lausum ey\u00f0ileggjandi \u00f6flum \u00f3beisla\u00f0s kap\u00edtalisma, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 reynt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 halda \u00feeim \u00ed skefjum me\u00f0 atbeina l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegs r\u00edkisvalds, lei\u00f0ir til allsherjar \u00f3farna\u00f0ar. Me\u00f0al annarra or\u00f0a: Skefjalaust frelsi hinna f\u00e1u lei\u00f0ir til takmarkana \u00e1 frelsi hinna m\u00f6rgu<\/i>. Ma\u00f0ur sem er sokkinn upp fyrir haus \u00ed skuldir, er ekki frj\u00e1ls, er \u00fea\u00f0 ? \u00deetta er okkar saga. \u00deetta er saga margra annarra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a. \u00dea\u00f0 mun taka okkur \u00cdslendinga m\u00f6rg \u00e1r a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta fyrir \u00feessa skelfilegu tilraun n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjumanna<\/i> me\u00f0 okkar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lag. Vonandi finnum vi\u00f0 um s\u00ed\u00f0ir r\u00e9ttu lei\u00f0ina til baka \u00ed samf\u00e9lag norr\u00e6nna velfer\u00f0arr\u00edkja, \u00fear sem vi\u00f0 eigum heima.<\/p>\n \u00deegar vi\u00f0 huglei\u00f0um eymd hins snau\u00f0u fj\u00f6lda \u00ed \u00feri\u00f0ja heiminum \u2013 fr\u00e1 Haiti til Himalaya, e\u00f0a fr\u00e1 Afr\u00edku til Arabaheimsins \u2013 staldra flestir flj\u00f3tlega vi\u00f0 ni\u00f0urdrepandi \u00e1hrif spillingarinnar<\/i>, sem bl\u00f3mstar \u00ed ranni stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1laforystu og vi\u00f0skiptafork\u00f3lfa \u00feessara landa. \u00deeir sem kynnst hafa smitberandi \u00e1hrifum spillingarinnar \u00e1 \u00e6\u00f0stu st\u00f6\u00f0um, hafa margir hverjir glata\u00f0 voninni um, a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 getum uppr\u00e6tt f\u00e1t\u00e6ktina \u00ed mannheimum \u00e1 \u00feessari \u00f6ld, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir gn\u00f3tt fj\u00e1rmagns og t\u00e6kni til a\u00f0 leysa vandann. Hvers vegna er \u00fea\u00f0, a\u00f0 kl\u00edkukap\u00edtalismi<\/i> (e. crony capitalism<\/i>) \u00ed bland vi\u00f0 fr\u00e6ndhygli, valdbeitingarstj\u00f3rn e\u00f0a einhvers konar erf\u00f0al\u00e9nsveldi, vir\u00f0ist vera r\u00e1\u00f0andi stj\u00f3rnarfar v\u00edtt og breitt um heiminn?<\/p>\n Peningarnir tala s\u00ednu m\u00e1li. Gr\u00ed\u00f0arlegur au\u00f0ur, sem safnast hefur \u00e1 f\u00e1rra hendur, f\u00e6rir hinni al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lael\u00edtu gr\u00ed\u00f0arleg v\u00f6ld upp \u00ed hendurnar. Peningarnir kaupa vald e\u00f0a a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 valdi; peningarnir kaupa stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamenn og flokka; peningarnir kaupa fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0la og r\u00e1\u00f0a umr\u00e6\u00f0unni; me\u00f0 peningum m\u00e1 kaupa lagasetningu. \u00deess vegna eru hundru\u00f0 lobbyista um hvern \u00feingmann \u00e1 Capitol Hill \u00ed Washington D.C..<\/p>\n Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legir au\u00f0hringar \u2013 margir hverjir margfalt au\u00f0ugri og valdameiri en veikbur\u00f0a \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00edki \u2013 leita kerfisbundi\u00f0 eftir yfirr\u00e1\u00f0um yfir au\u00f0lindum jar\u00f0ar: Ol\u00edu, gasi, \u00f6\u00f0rum orkuau\u00f0lindum, d\u00fdrum m\u00e1lmum, frj\u00f3s\u00f6mu landi og \u2013 \u00ed vaxandi m\u00e6li \u00ed framt\u00ed\u00f0inni \u2013 \u00f3mengu\u00f0u og drykkjarh\u00e6fu vatni. Vald helstu au\u00f0hringanna spannar allan hn\u00f6ttinn. \u00deeir eru oftar en ekki r\u00e1\u00f0andi \u00e1 heilds\u00f6lu- og jafnvel sm\u00e1s\u00f6lum\u00f6rku\u00f0um. \u00deeir hafa sterka v\u00edgst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed samskiptum s\u00ednum vi\u00f0 har\u00f0stj\u00f3ra \u00feri\u00f0ja heimsins. \u00dea\u00f0 vefst l\u00edtt fyrir \u00feeim a\u00f0 f\u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 til a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta a\u00f0 vilja s\u00ednum \u2013 fyrir r\u00e9tt ver\u00f0<\/i>.<\/p>\n Hvers vegna er \u00fea\u00f0, \u00feegar \u00f6rv\u00e6ntingin loksins kn\u00fdr hinn undiroka\u00f0a l\u00fd\u00f0 til uppreisnar gegn k\u00fagurum s\u00ednum, a\u00f0 fyrstu fr\u00e9ttirnar af hinum brottreknu har\u00f0stj\u00f3rum sn\u00faast \u00e6vinlega um a\u00f0 hafa uppi \u00e1 leynilegum bankareikningum \u00feeirra \u00ed Sviss? Eiginkona Ben Ali<\/b>, har\u00f0stj\u00f3rans \u00ed T\u00fanis, sem fl\u00fa\u00f0i undan r\u00e9ttl\u00e1tri rei\u00f0i landa sinna \u00e1 n\u00e1\u00f0ir ol\u00eduk\u00f3nganna \u00ed Saudi-Arab\u00edu, r\u00e6ndi gullfor\u00f0a T\u00fanis \u00far v\u00f6rslu Se\u00f0labanka landsins og haf\u00f0i me\u00f0 \u00ed farteski s\u00ednu \u00far landi. Segir \u00fea\u00f0 ekki s\u00edna s\u00f6gu, a\u00f0 \u00feegar fj\u00f6ldinn loks reis upp \u00ed \u00f6rv\u00e6ntingu og rei\u00f0i gegn k\u00fagurum s\u00ednum \u00ed Arabaheiminum \u2013 undir f\u00e1num frelsis og l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0is <\/i>\u2013 vissu lei\u00f0togar vestr\u00e6nna l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isr\u00edkja ekki \u00ed hvorn f\u00f3tinn \u00feeir \u00e6ttu a\u00f0 st\u00edga.<\/p>\n Har\u00f0stj\u00f3rarnir reyndust vera skj\u00f3lst\u00e6\u00f0ingar Bandar\u00edkjamanna, Breta og Frakka. Hverjir hafa vopna\u00f0 har\u00f0stj\u00f3rana gegn f\u00f3lkinu, e\u00f0a hagnast af vopnas\u00f6lu til \u00feeirra? Hvort var mikilv\u00e6gara, a\u00f0 har\u00f0stj\u00f3rarnir trygg\u00f0u, a\u00f0 ol\u00edan h\u00e9ldi \u00e1fram a\u00f0 renna til a\u00f0 kn\u00fdja \u00e1fram hagvaxtarv\u00e9l r\u00edku landanna, e\u00f0a a\u00f0 f\u00f3lki\u00f0 fengi sinn sanngjarna hlut af \u00feeim au\u00f0i, sem n\u00fdting \u00feeirra eigin au\u00f0linda skapa\u00f0i? H\u00f6f\u00f0u \u201cleyni\u00fej\u00f3nustur okkar\u201d ekki veri\u00f0 \u00ed n\u00e1nu samstarfi vi\u00f0 starfsbr\u00e6\u00f0ur s\u00edna \u00ed \u00feessum l\u00f6ndum, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt vi\u00f0 vissum fullvel um pyntingarklefana? Sama gamla sagan enn og aftur: Vald s\u00e9rhagsmunanna, frelsi hinna f\u00e1u til a\u00f0 gr\u00e6\u00f0a, e\u00f0a frelsi hinna m\u00f6rgu til a\u00f0 lifa manns\u00e6mandi l\u00edfi? Me\u00f0 hverjum st\u00f6ndum vi\u00f0? St\u00f6ndum vi\u00f0 me\u00f0 f\u00f3lkinu e\u00f0a forr\u00e9ttindali\u00f0inu?<\/p>\n George Soros<\/b>, ungverski fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lasnillingurinn, sem lag\u00f0i breska sterlingspundi\u00f0 a\u00f0 velli \u00ed velheppna\u00f0ri fyrirs\u00e1t \u00e1ri\u00f0 1992 \u2013 sag\u00f0i fyrir sk\u00f6mmu, a\u00f0 h\u00e6ttan sem ste\u00f0ja\u00f0i a\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0inu, v\u00e6ri ekki lengur p\u00f3lit\u00edsk tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0 li\u00f0innar aldar, sem kennd voru vi\u00f0 komm\u00fanisma og fasisma; h\u00e6ttan sem ste\u00f0ja\u00f0i a\u00f0 fulltr\u00faal\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0inu v\u00e6ri s\u00fa, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 breytast \u00ed alr\u00e6\u00f0i peningaa\u00f0alsins<\/b> (e. plutocracy), \u00fear sem kosningar\u00e9tturinn hef\u00f0i ekki framar neina merkingu og l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 hef\u00f0i umbreyst \u00ed s\u00fdndarveruleika, \u00fear sem peningavaldi\u00f0 deildi og drottna\u00f0i \u00e1 bak vi\u00f0 tj\u00f6ldin. St\u00e6rsti h\u00f3pur kj\u00f3senda \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum \u2013 hinir \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0u \u2013 eiga enga fulltr\u00faa \u00e1 \u00feingi. \u00de\u00e1tttaka \u00ed \u00feingkosningum er i\u00f0ulega undir 30% . Hvers vegna a\u00f0 kj\u00f3sa, ef \u00fea\u00f0 er fyrirfram vita\u00f0, a\u00f0 \u00feingmennirnir eru leigu\u00fe\u00fd s\u00e9rhagsmuna?<\/p>\n Kunnur hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ipr\u00f3fessor, Dr. Vivek H. Dehejia<\/b>, og ranns\u00f3knarf\u00e9lagi vi\u00f0 CESifo \u00ed M\u00fcnchen, or\u00f0ar s\u00f6mu hugsun svona \u00ed grein \u00ed International Herald Tribune (14.04.11):<\/p>\n \u201cHvort tveggja spilling og \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur hefur n\u00fa \u00feegar eitra\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lin svo mj\u00f6g, a\u00f0 l\u00f6gm\u00e6ti<\/i> kap\u00edtalismans \u2013 marka\u00f0skerfisins \u2013 stafar \u00f3gn af. \u00deetta vekur \u00fer\u00fdsting \u00e1 umb\u00e6tur, sem sn\u00faast um jafnari tekjuskiptingu. Sl\u00edkar umb\u00e6tur draga \u00far hvatanum, sem kn\u00fdr \u00e1fram gr\u00f3\u00f0avon kap\u00edtalistanna, sem sj\u00e1lf var undirr\u00f3t vaxandi \u00f3jafna\u00f0ar. Nau\u00f0syn jafnari tekjuskiptingar og f\u00e9lagslegra \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0a \u00e1 vegum r\u00edkisins ver\u00f0ur \u00ed lei\u00f0inni a\u00f0 t\u00e6ki til a\u00f0 lei\u00f0r\u00e9tta \u00f6fgar marka\u00f0askerfisins<\/i>. \u00cd Bandar\u00edkjunum ger\u00f0ist \u00feetta \u00e1 u.\u00fe.b. h\u00e1lfri \u00f6ld \u00ed a\u00f0draganda seinni heimstyrjaldarinnar. \u00dea\u00f0 var ekki fyrr en \u00f6flug millist\u00e9tt l\u00e9t til s\u00edn taka p\u00f3lit\u00edskt og kn\u00fa\u00f0i fram umb\u00e6tur me\u00f0 l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f, reglusetningu og str\u00f6ngum vi\u00f0url\u00f6gum vi\u00f0 spillingarbrotum, sem \u00fea\u00f0 t\u00f3kst a\u00f0 sn\u00ed\u00f0a af verstu \u00f6fgar laissez-faire<\/i> kap\u00edtalismans\u201d.<\/p>\n Hin al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lakreppa, sem n\u00fa geysar, \u00fear sem skattgrei\u00f0endur me\u00f0 atbeina r\u00edkisvaldsins hafa veri\u00f0 l\u00e1tnir borga skuldir banka og fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lastofnana, vekur einmitt upp alvarlegar spurningar um l\u00f6gm\u00e6ti spilav\u00edtis-kap\u00edtalisma<\/i> af \u00feessu tagi. \u00cd \u00feessu samhengi er gagnlegt a\u00f0 \u00edhuga hinn \u00f3skr\u00e1\u00f0a \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagss\u00e1ttm\u00e1la (e. social-contract<\/i>), sem \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir allt, liggur til grundvallar kapital\u00edsku \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi.<\/p>\n \u00dea\u00f0 er enginn a\u00f0 tala um algeran j\u00f6fnu\u00f0. Flest upplifum vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e6viferlinum,a\u00f0 einstaklingarnir eru eins \u00f3l\u00edkir og \u00feeir eru margir. \u00dea\u00f0 kennir okkur a\u00f0 meta fj\u00f6lbreytni mannlegrar tilveru. \u00dea\u00f0 vefst fyrir f\u00e6stum a\u00f0 vi\u00f0urkenna, a\u00f0 frumkv\u00e6\u00f0i einstaklingsins og dugna\u00f0ur, einstakir h\u00e6fileikar og skapandi uppfinningar, ver\u00f0skulda r\u00e9ttl\u00e1ta umbun. Flest okkar eru tilb\u00fain a\u00f0 sam\u00feykkja allnokkurn \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0 \u00ed tekju- og eignaskiptingu, svo lengi sem \u00fea\u00f0 er r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tt me\u00f0 viljanum til a\u00f0 taka \u00e1h\u00e6ttu og a\u00f0 taka aflei\u00f0ingum ger\u00f0a sinna. Svo lengi sem \u00feeir, sem vilja h\u00e1marka gr\u00f3\u00f0a sinn, taka \u00e1h\u00e6ttu fyrir eigin reikning og f\u00e6rast ekki undan \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 bera sj\u00e1lfir tapi\u00f0; svo lengi sem fj\u00e1rmagnseigendur fara a\u00f0 settum leikreglum og borga skatta s\u00edna og skyldur til samf\u00e9lagsins (\u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00feess a\u00f0 fela illa fenginn au\u00f0 \u00ed skattaskj\u00f3lum) og s\u00e6kjast ekki eftir forr\u00e9ttindum \u00ed krafti au\u00f0s og \u00e1hrifa \u2013 svo lengi sem \u00feetta stenst \u2013 m\u00e1 segja, a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagss\u00e1ttm\u00e1linn haldi.<\/p>\n Ef hins vegar almenningi er stillt upp vi\u00f0 vegg frammi fyrir or\u00f0num hlut, \u00feannig a\u00f0 hagna\u00f0ur g\u00f3\u00f0\u00e6risins var einkav\u00e6ddur, en skuldir kreppunnar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0n\u00fdttar<\/i> \u2013 \u00fe\u00e1 er sj\u00e1lfur \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagss\u00e1ttm\u00e1linn rofinn; l\u00f6gm\u00e6ti kapitalismans er \u00fear me\u00f0 fari\u00f0 veg allrar veraldar. \u00cd einni af s\u00ednum mikilfenglegu s\u00f6gulegu sk\u00e1lds\u00f6gum, \u00cdslandsklukkunni<\/i>, l\u00e6tur Halld\u00f3r Kiljan Laxness<\/b> eina af s\u00f6gupers\u00f3num s\u00ednum, J\u00f3n Hreggvi\u00f0sson, segja um r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ti\u00f0, sem danska n\u00fdlendustj\u00f3rnin \u00fatdeildi handa hinum sveltandi l\u00fd\u00f0: \u201cVont er \u00feeirra rangl\u00e6ti, en verra er \u00feeirra r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ti<\/i>\u201d.<\/p>\n \u00cd sj\u00e1varbygg\u00f0unum vi\u00f0 nor\u00f0anvert Atlantshaf, \u00fear sem menn h\u00e6tta l\u00edfi s\u00ednu \u00e1 hafi \u00fati \u00e1 degi hverjum \u00ed str\u00ed\u00f0i vi\u00f0 \u00f3bl\u00ed\u00f0 n\u00e1tt\u00faru\u00f6fl, hefur \u00fea\u00f0 l\u00f6ngum \u00fe\u00f3tt gott og gilt, a\u00f0 skipstj\u00f3rinn fengi \u00ferj\u00e1 hluti \u00e1 m\u00f3ti einum hlut h\u00e1setans. \u00deessi tekjumunur hefur hinga\u00f0 til \u00fe\u00f3tt n\u00e6gur hvati fyrir metna\u00f0arfullan sj\u00f3mann til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 st\u00f6\u00f0u karlsins \u00ed br\u00fanni. Getur nokkur ma\u00f0ur axla\u00f0 \u00feyngri \u00e1byrg\u00f0 en \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 bera \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 l\u00edfi og limum f\u00e9laga sinna? Hvers vir\u00f0i er eitt l\u00edf?<\/p>\n Beittasta gagnr\u00fdnin \u00e1 norr\u00e6na m\u00f3deli\u00f0 e\u00f0a evr\u00f3pum\u00f3deli\u00f0 (e. the i>European social model) er eftirfarandi: (1) Sj\u00e1lfvirk \u00fat\u00feensla allsr\u00e1\u00f0andi r\u00edkisvalds mun a\u00f0 lokum drepa \u00ed dr\u00f3ma athafnafrelsi einstaklingsins og lama sk\u00f6punarkraft hans me\u00f0 sama h\u00e6tti og \u00ed alr\u00e6\u00f0isr\u00edkjum komm\u00fanista og fasista. Velfer\u00f0arr\u00edki\u00f0 muni \u00fev\u00ed \u00f3hj\u00e1kv\u00e6milega enda \u00ed alr\u00e6\u00f0i (Hayek<\/b>). (2) Vi\u00f0 \u00feetta b\u00e6tist gagnr\u00fdni af prakt\u00edskum toga. \u00dev\u00ed er haldi\u00f0 fram, a\u00f0 velfer\u00f0arr\u00edki\u00f0, me\u00f0 s\u00ednum h\u00e1u sk\u00f6ttum til a\u00f0 fj\u00e1rmagna s\u00edvaxandi r\u00edkis\u00fatgj\u00f6ld, og me\u00f0 regluger\u00f0ab\u00e1kni, sem lami allt frumkv\u00e6\u00f0i og sk\u00f6punarkraft, muni einfaldlega fara halloka \u00ed hinni h\u00f6r\u00f0u samkeppni, sem geisar \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum m\u00f6rku\u00f0um. \u00deetta muni lei\u00f0a til fj\u00e1rfl\u00f3tta, t\u00e6knilegrar st\u00f6\u00f0nunar, fj\u00f6ldaatvinnuleysis og hnignunar. Velfer\u00f0arr\u00edki\u00f0 er, a\u00f0 s\u00f6gn, ekki samkeppnisf\u00e6rt<\/i> (Freedman<\/b>).<\/p>\n L\u00edtum fyrst \u00e1 algengustu m\u00f3tb\u00e1rurnar \u2013 a\u00f0 velfer\u00f0arr\u00edki\u00f0 s\u00e9 ekki samkeppnish\u00e6ft. Allt fr\u00e1 aldam\u00f3tunum seinustu hafa allar al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legar samanbur\u00f0arkannanir, hva\u00f0a nafni sem nefnast, s\u00fdnt a\u00f0 Nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndin (gjarnan \u00ed samfloti vi\u00f0 Sviss og \u00feau As\u00edur\u00edki, \u00fear sem r\u00edki\u00f0 rekur virkasta efnahagsstefnu, eins og S-K\u00f3reu og Taiwan) hafa reynst vera \u201cbest \u00ed bekknum\u201d, \u00feegar a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed kemur a\u00f0 m\u00e6la samkeppnish\u00e6fni. \u00deetta \u00e1 vi\u00f0 um \u00e1hrif v\u00edsindaranns\u00f3kna, t\u00e6knin\u00fdjungar, \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku kvenna \u00e1 vinnumarka\u00f0num, atvinnusk\u00f6pun, l\u00edti\u00f0 atvinnuleysi, a\u00f0dr\u00e1ttarafl fyrir erlenda fj\u00e1rfestingu, hagv\u00f6xt, hlut \u00fatflutnings \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0artekjum o.s.frv., o.s.frv…<\/p>\n Hvers vegna? \u00c9g veit, hvernig Olof Palme hef\u00f0i svara\u00f0 \u00feessari spurningu: \u201c\u00deetta er vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 jafna\u00f0armenn h\u00f6fum sta\u00f0fastlega lagt \u00e1herslu \u00e1 langt\u00edmafj\u00e1rfestingu \u00ed mannau\u00f0 og innvi\u00f0um samf\u00e9lagsins.\u00deetta er vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 leggjum h\u00f6fu\u00f0\u00e1herslu \u00e1 j\u00f6fn t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri f\u00f3lks me\u00f0 frj\u00e1lsum a\u00f0gangi a\u00f0 g\u00e6\u00f0amenntun, sem skilur engan \u00fatundan\u201d.<\/p>\n M\u00e9r finnst \u00feetta vera fulln\u00e6gjandi svar. Annars tala sta\u00f0reyndirnar sj\u00e1lfar s\u00ednu m\u00e1li. Skv.\u00e1rlegu mati Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna \u00e1 mannlegum l\u00edfsg\u00e6\u00f0um eru Nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndin \u00fear \u00ed fremstu r\u00f6\u00f0. Hi\u00f0 sama \u00e1 vi\u00f0 um a\u00f0rar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir, \u00fear sem j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur er talinn til dygg\u00f0a. \u00cd n\u00fd\u00fatkominni b\u00f3k (Richard Wilkinson og Kate Picket: The Spirit Level<\/b>) eru f\u00e6r\u00f0 fyrir \u00fev\u00ed sannf\u00e6randi r\u00f6k, a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed meiri j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur sem er \u00ed einu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi, \u00feeim mun heilsuhraustara er f\u00f3lki\u00f0, n\u00e1nast sama \u00e1 hva\u00f0a m\u00e6likvar\u00f0a er m\u00e6lt: Barnadau\u00f0i er minni, l\u00edfsl\u00edkur lengri, gl\u00e6pir f\u00e6rri og sj\u00fakd\u00f3mar vi\u00f0r\u00e1\u00f0anlegri, starfs\u00f6ryggi er meira og almenn vell\u00ed\u00f0an meiri.<\/p>\n Um martr\u00f6\u00f0 Hayeks, nefnilega a\u00f0 velfer\u00f0arr\u00edki\u00f0 endi \u00ed alr\u00e6\u00f0isr\u00edki, er \u00fea\u00f0 eitt a\u00f0 segja, a\u00f0 h\u00fan bl\u00edfur sem martr\u00f6\u00f0 Hayeks. Raunveruleikinn er allur annar. L\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 stendur dj\u00fapum r\u00f3tum \u00e1 Nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndum. \u00dea\u00f0 hefur satt a\u00f0 segja aldrei veri\u00f0 meira sprelllifandi. L\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isleg sko\u00f0anaskipti og m\u00e1lefnaleg umr\u00e6\u00f0a er \u00f3v\u00ed\u00f0a jafn beinskeytt og a\u00f0gangsh\u00f6r\u00f0. Norr\u00e6nu velfer\u00f0arr\u00edkin hafa \u00ed reynd n\u00e1\u00f0 a\u00f0 sameina skert l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i, almenn l\u00edfsg\u00e6\u00f0i, \u00f6ra n\u00fdsk\u00f6pun, f\u00e9lagslegt \u00f6ryggi og almenna hags\u00e6ld. Engar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir a\u00f0rar hafa n\u00e1\u00f0 jafng\u00f3\u00f0um \u00e1rangri \u00e1 jafnm\u00f6rgum svi\u00f0um. Frj\u00e1lshyggjulei\u00f0 Bandar\u00edkjanna stendur \u00fear langt a\u00f0 baki og vir\u00f0ist n\u00fa vera \u00e1 lei\u00f0 \u00fat \u00ed miklar \u00f3g\u00f6ngur vegna hra\u00f0vaxandi \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ar og skuldas\u00f6fnunar, sem \u00f3gnar \u00ed s\u00edvaxandi m\u00e6li l\u00edfskj\u00f6rum millist\u00e9ttanna. H\u00f6r\u00f0 f\u00e1t\u00e6kt undirst\u00e9ttarinnar, sem l\u00f6ngum hefur veri\u00f0 afskipt \u00fear \u00ed landi, vir\u00f0ist einnig stefna \u00ed a\u00f0 versna me\u00f0 n\u00fdjustu ni\u00f0urskur\u00f0arhugmyndum \u00f3vina velfer\u00f0arr\u00edkisins \u00fear \u00ed landi.<\/p>\n Og hva\u00f0 me\u00f0 frelsi\u00f0? Um \u00fea\u00f0 gildir nokkurn veginn \u00fea\u00f0 sem Olof Palme sag\u00f0i \u00ed einni af hans seinustu r\u00e6\u00f0um, sk\u00f6mmu \u00e1\u00f0ur en hann var myrtur \u00e1 g\u00f6tu \u00fati \u00ed Stokkh\u00f3lmi \u00e1ri\u00f0 1986:<\/p>\n \u201cMe\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tryggja t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri allra, \u00e1n tillits til efnahags, st\u00e9ttar e\u00f0a st\u00f6\u00f0u, til \u00feess a\u00f0 afla s\u00e9r menntunar og \u00feroska h\u00e6fileika s\u00edna, erum vi\u00f0 \u00ed reynd a\u00f0 f\u00e6ra \u00fat landam\u00e6ri frelsisins.<\/i>\u201d<\/p>\n (\u00deessi grein er unnin upp \u00far fyrirlestri, sem h\u00f6fundur flutti \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu m\u00e1l\u00feingi st\u00fadenta vi\u00f0 T\u00e6knih\u00e1sk\u00f3lann \u00ed Ilmenau \u00ed Th\u00fcringen \u00feann 14. ma\u00ed, 2011. M\u00e1l\u00feingi\u00f0 fjalla\u00f0i um frelsi\u00f0, einstaklinginn og samf\u00e9lagi\u00f0.)<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Dagana 13. til 22. ma\u00ed, 2011 komu um 370 st\u00fadentar fr\u00e1 40 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0um saman \u00ed Th\u00fcringen \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi til \u00feess a\u00f0 skiptast \u00e1 sko\u00f0unum um frelsi\u00f0. Gestgjafinn var samstarfsnet h\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00ed T\u00fcringen \u2013 \u00ed borgunum Weimar, Jena, Erfurt, Ilmenau o.fl.. \u00deetta var \u00ed t\u00edunda sinn, sem \u00feessir a\u00f0ilar efna til al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legs m\u00e1l\u00feings af \u00feessu tagi. \u00cdb\u00faar \u00feessara h\u00e1sk\u00f3laborga opna heimili s\u00edn fyrir gestum \u00feessa t\u00edu daga, sem m\u00e1l\u00feingi\u00f0 stendur. Vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 myndast tengsl milli heimamanna og hinna erlendu gesta, sem einatt standa \u00f3rofin, l\u00f6ngu eftir a\u00f0 gestirnir hafa kvatt og horfi\u00f0 til sinna heima. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1287","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-allar_greinar","category-greinar_og_vidtol"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1287","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1287"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1287\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2756,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1287\/revisions\/2756"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1287"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1287"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1287"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n\u00cd \u00feetta skipti var heiti fyrirlestrarins: \u201cIn Search of Freedom: It\u00b4s All about Equality, Stupid!\u201d<\/a> \u00cd \u00feessum fyrirlestri fjalla \u00e9g um marka\u00f0skerfi\u00f0 og hina f\u00e9lagslegu \u00e1byrg\u00f0 (l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegs) r\u00edkisvalds.<\/p>\n
\nwww.iswi.org<\/a> \u2013 netfang uppl\u00fdsingaa\u00f0ila er: info@iswi.org<\/a><\/p>\nFRELSI OG J\u00d6FNU\u00d0UR. Stefnumi\u00f0 handa jafna\u00f0arm\u00f6nnum \u00e1 \u00f6ld \u00f3jafna\u00f0ar.<\/i><\/h2>\n
\u00cd leit a\u00f0 frelsinu<\/h2>\n
J\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur: Forsenda frelsisins<\/h2>\n
\u201cVillta vestri\u00f0\u201d og amer\u00edski draumurinn<\/h2>\n
Hverjir eiga j\u00f6r\u00f0ina?<\/h2>\n
L\u00edtum \u00e1 f\u00e1einar sta\u00f0reyndir:<\/h2>\n
\n
Velfer\u00f0arr\u00edki\u00f0 og \u00f3vinir \u00feess<\/h2>\n
\u00cdsland: Tilraunastofa n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjunnar<\/h2>\n
Asni klyfja\u00f0ur gulli<\/h2>\n
Au\u00f0veldi gegn l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i<\/h2>\n
A\u00f0 standast d\u00f3m reynslunnar<\/h2>\n
Hvernig r\u00edma \u00feessi d\u00f3msor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 sta\u00f0reyndirnar?<\/h2>\n