Spurning: Hvernig skilgreinir \u00fe\u00fa helstu au\u00f0kenni n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggju-tr\u00fabo\u00f0sins? <\/b><\/p>\n
Svar: <\/b> \u00dea\u00f0 fyrsta, sem um \u00feetta er a\u00f0 segja er a\u00f0, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir nafngiftina, er n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjan hvorki n\u00fd n\u00e9 \u00e1 h\u00fan nokku\u00f0 skylt vi\u00f0 fresisbar\u00e1ttu fj\u00f6ldans. \u00deetta er uppvakningur r\u00edkjandi laissez-faire<\/i> hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ikenninga aftan \u00far 19du \u00f6ld. Kjarni \u00feeirra er bernsk tr\u00fa \u00e1 \u00f3skeikulleik marka\u00f0a og e\u00f0lisl\u00e6ga getu \u00feeirra til a\u00f0 lei\u00f0r\u00e9tta sj\u00e1lfa sig. B\u00e1\u00f0ar \u00feessar tr\u00faarsetningar hafa reynst rangar. Kerfisbrestur \u00f3beisla\u00f0s kap\u00edtalisma \u00ed kreppunni miklu milli 1930 og 1940 \u00e1 seinustu \u00f6ld sta\u00f0festi skipbrot \u00feessarar hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00dea\u00f0 t\u00f3k heilan \u00e1ratug me\u00f0 \u00edhlutun r\u00edkisins (\u201eNew-Deal\u201c Roosevelts<\/b> \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum og norr\u00e6na m\u00f3deli\u00f0 \u00ed Skandinav\u00edu) og reyndar heila heimsstyrj\u00f6ld a\u00f0 vekja kap\u00edtalismann til l\u00edfsins \u00e1 n\u00fd. Aldarfj\u00f3r\u00f0ungurinn eftir seinna str\u00ed\u00f0 (1945-1970) reyndist vera gull\u00f6ld hins s\u00f3s\u00edal-dem\u00f3kratiska velfer\u00f0arr\u00edkis. \u00c1rangur \u00feess er \u00f3umdeilanlegur. \u00deetta var t\u00edmabil \u00f6flugs hagvaxtar, sem einkenndist af vaxandi j\u00f6fnu\u00f0i l\u00edfsg\u00e6\u00f0anna \u2013 miki\u00f0 framfarat\u00edmabil, sem var laust vi\u00f0 kreppur. \u00c1rangurinn bygg\u00f0ist \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hafna sj\u00e1lfum forsendum n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjunnar um alr\u00e6\u00f0i marka\u00f0a og b\u00f6l r\u00edkisafskipta. \u00deess \u00ed sta\u00f0 vi\u00f0urkenndu menn mikilv\u00e6gt hlutverk l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegs r\u00edkisvalds til a\u00f0 setja m\u00f6rku\u00f0um sk\u00fdrar leikreglur og til a\u00f0 fyrirbyggja e\u00f0lisl\u00e6gar tilhneigingar \u00f3beisla\u00f0s marka\u00f0skerfis til \u00f3vi\u00f0undandi misskiptingar au\u00f0s og tekna.<\/p>\n
N\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjut\u00edmabili\u00f0, sem n\u00fa er \u00ed andaslitrunum, byrja\u00f0i me\u00f0 uppreisn gegn velfer\u00f0arr\u00edkinu<\/i> \u2013 me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vekja upp aftur tr\u00fana \u00e1 \u00f3skeikulleik marka\u00f0a og ska\u00f0semi r\u00edkisafskipta. \u00deetta minnir um margt \u00e1 spilav\u00edtis-kap\u00edtalismann<\/i>, sem hrundi \u00ed Kreppunni miklu 1930. Gjald\u00ferot Lehmans\u00b4Brothers \u00ed september 2008 t\u00e1knar endalok \u00feessarar n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggju-tilraunar. Enn \u00e1 n\u00fd enda\u00f0i \u00feessi tilraun me\u00f0 \u00f3beisla\u00f0an kap\u00edtalisma \u00ed hruni. \u00dea\u00f0 sem vi\u00f0 t\u00f3k var st\u00e6rsti bj\u00f6rgunalei\u00f0angur r\u00edkisins<\/i> \u00ed s\u00f6gunni til a\u00f0 for\u00f0a okkur fr\u00e1 n\u00fdrri heimskreppu. A\u00f0ger\u00f0ir r\u00edkisins austan hafs og vestan me\u00f0 mass\u00edvri r\u00edkisfj\u00e1rm\u00f6gnun og bankabj\u00f6rgun for\u00f0a\u00f0i okkur \u00e1 seinustu stundu fr\u00e1 n\u00fdrri heimskreppu.<\/p>\n
Me\u00f0 a\u00f0ger\u00f0um r\u00edkisvaldsins t\u00f3kst a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir algera l\u00f6mun kerfisins. \u00cd sta\u00f0inn upplifum vi\u00f0 n\u00fa samdr\u00e1ttarskei\u00f0 (\u201e a great recession\u201c), sem ekki s\u00e9r fyrir endann \u00e1. Hver er munurinn \u00e1 heimskreppunni \u00e1 seinustu \u00f6ld, sem \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu reyndist vera frj\u00f3r jar\u00f0vegur fyrir fasisma og leiddi til n\u00fdrrar heimsstyrjaldar \u2013 og samdr\u00e1ttarskei\u00f0sins, sem vi\u00f0 n\u00fa upplifum? Munurinn er s\u00e1, a\u00f0 n\u00fana kom r\u00edki\u00f0 til bjargar og for\u00f0a\u00f0i kerfinu fr\u00e1 algerri l\u00f6mun. Enn einu sinni \u00feurfti r\u00edki\u00f0 a\u00f0 bjarga kap\u00edtalismanum fr\u00e1 kap\u00edtalistunum.<\/p>\n
\u00deetta hefur afhj\u00fapa\u00f0 n\u00fd-frj\u00e1lshyggjuna endanlega. \u00deetta eru gerviv\u00edsindi \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3nustu hinna ofurr\u00edku. \u00dea\u00f0 er margt l\u00edkt me\u00f0 n\u00fd-frj\u00e1lshyggjum\u00f6nnum og komm\u00fanistum. Hvort tveggja eru \u00f6fga-kenningar. B\u00e1\u00f0ir tr\u00faa \u00e1 \u201eSt\u00f3ra-sannleik\u201c. Hvorug kreddan \u00e1 nokku\u00f0 skylt vi\u00f0 v\u00edsindi. N\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjan er \u00ed reynd \u00ed fullkominni andst\u00f6\u00f0u vi\u00f0 frelsishugsj\u00f3nina. Au\u00f0vald hinna f\u00e1u \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir helsi hinna m\u00f6rgu. <\/i>Og a\u00f0 svo miklu leyti sem \u00feetta er hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3nustu hinna ofurr\u00edku og hafnar hlutverki l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegs r\u00edkisvalds, er kenningin andl\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isleg. Og h\u00fan \u00e1 f\u00e1tt sameiginlegt me\u00f0 frj\u00e1lslyndisstefnu 19du aldar (John Stuart Mill<\/b>), sem studdi l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegar umb\u00f3tahreyfingar fyrir atbeina l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegs r\u00edkisvalds \u00ed nafni mann\u00fa\u00f0arstefnu.<\/p>\n
Spurning: \u201eHlutverk r\u00edkisvaldsins\u201c vir\u00f0ist h\u00e9r var st\u00f3ra \u00e1greiningsm\u00e1li\u00f0. Er \u00fea\u00f0 ekki frumskylda l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegs r\u00edkisvalds a\u00f0 vernda \u201er\u00e9ttarr\u00edki\u00f0\u201c (rule of law) og, a\u00f0 \u201eallir s\u00e9 jafnir fyrir l\u00f6gunum\u201c? <\/b><\/p>\n
Svar: <\/b> \u00deetta er kjarni m\u00e1lsins. Au\u00f0s\u00f6fnun \u00ed h\u00f6ndum f\u00e1rra fylgir gr\u00ed\u00f0arlegt p\u00f3lit\u00edskt vald. \u00deetta forr\u00e9ttindavald hinna f\u00e1u er or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00f3gnun vi\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0. Hinir ofurr\u00edku \u00f6\u00f0last vald til a\u00f0 breyta helstu leikreglum samf\u00e9lagsins s\u00e9r \u00ed hag. L\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00e1 f\u00f3rnarlamb au\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0is. Marka\u00f0ir l\u00fata ekki neinum n\u00e1tt\u00farul\u00f6gm\u00e1lum. Marka\u00f0ir eru ger\u00f0ir af mannah\u00f6ndum. Marka\u00f0ir eru \u00ed reynd ekkert anna\u00f0 en l\u00f6g og reglur, sem stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld setja \u2013 \u00fea\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0st allt af p\u00f3lit\u00edk. Ef \u00feessar reglur eru hanna\u00f0ar \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu hinna ofurr\u00edku, eins og t.d. er \u00feegar \u00ed vaxandi m\u00e6li \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum (og um of innan Evr\u00f3pusambandsins), er \u00fea\u00f0 ekki einungis \u00f3gnun vi\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0, heldur l\u00edka grundvallarreglur r\u00e9ttarr\u00edkisins. Vi\u00f0 erum ekki lengur j\u00f6fn fyrir l\u00f6gunum. T\u00f6kum nokkur d\u00e6mi:<\/p>\n
Sj\u00fakt fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lakerfi: <\/b> \u00c1 t\u00edmabili frj\u00e1lshyggjunnar upp \u00far 1980 hefur fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lakerfi\u00f0 vaxi\u00f0 raunhagkerfinu gj\u00f6rsamlega yfir h\u00f6fu\u00f0. S\u00edvaxandi hluti hagna\u00f0ar au\u00f0hringa og hinna ofurr\u00edku \u00e1 uppruna sinn \u00ed kauphallar- og fasteignabraski, sem hvort tveggja stj\u00f3rnast af skammt\u00edmagr\u00f3\u00f0avon, fremur en af langt\u00edmafj\u00e1rfestingum \u00ed framlei\u00f0sluferlum, sem skapa atvinnu. \u00d6rf\u00e1ir al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legir risabankar eru marka\u00f0sr\u00e1\u00f0andi, svo st\u00f3rir, a\u00f0 \u00feeir teljast geta dregi\u00f0 hagkerfi heimsins me\u00f0 s\u00e9r \u00ed fallinu, ef \u00e1 reynir. Eldvarnarveggurinn milli venjulegra vi\u00f0skiptabanka og \u00e1h\u00e6ttus\u00e6kinna \u201eskuggabanka\u201c (\u00e1v\u00f6xtunarsj\u00f3\u00f0ir), sem var reistur a\u00f0 fenginni reynslu \u00ed Kreppunni miklu, var rifinn ni\u00f0ur fyrir seinustu aldam\u00f3t. S\u00ed\u00f0an \u00fe\u00e1 hefur skuggabankakerfi\u00f0 t\u00fatna\u00f0 \u00fat. Innist\u00e6\u00f0utryggingar \u00e1 vegum r\u00edkisins \u2013 sem eru nau\u00f0synlegar til a\u00f0 tryggja venjulegan sparna\u00f0 \u2013 var l\u00e1tinn n\u00e1 yfir \u00e1h\u00e6ttusamt fj\u00e1rm\u00e1labrask.<\/p>\n
\u00dear me\u00f0 er si\u00f0fer\u00f0ileg bj\u00f6gun (\u201emoral hazard\u201c), a\u00f0 taka blinda \u00e1h\u00e6ttu me\u00f0 annarra f\u00e9 \u00ed von um ofurgr\u00f3\u00f0a, en \u00ed trausti \u00feess, a\u00f0 a\u00f0rir beri ska\u00f0ann, ef illa fer, or\u00f0in kerfisl\u00e6g. \u00deetta er \u00f6rhvikt \u00e1h\u00e6ttufj\u00e1rmagn, sem leitar um allan hn\u00f6ttinn a\u00f0 skammt\u00edmagr\u00f3\u00f0a, en f\u00e6list og fl\u00fdr vi\u00f0 fyrstu merki um vandr\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00deegar \u00fea\u00f0 fl\u00fdr, skilur \u00fea\u00f0 eftir sig svi\u00f0na j\u00f6r\u00f0, sem getur l\u00fdst s\u00e9r \u00ed f\u00f6llnum gjaldmi\u00f0lum, bankahruni og ofurskuldsettum r\u00edkjum. A\u00f0eins \u00edhlutun r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rna, se\u00f0labanka og al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0astofnana, hafa hva\u00f0 eftir anna\u00f0 komi\u00f0 \u00ed veg fyrir hrun fj\u00f6lda r\u00edkja \u00e1 t\u00edmabili n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjunnar. \u00dea\u00f0 er or\u00f0in regla fremur en undantekning, a\u00f0 r\u00edki ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 koma fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lam\u00f6rku\u00f0um til bjargar.<\/p>\n
Frelsi \u00e1n \u00e1byrg\u00f0ar: <\/b>Ein af kenningum frj\u00e1lshyggjunnar er s\u00fa, a\u00f0 forstj\u00f3rum fyrirt\u00e6kja beri a\u00f0eins skylda til a\u00f0 h\u00e1marka ver\u00f0 hlutabr\u00e9fa og \u00e1rsfj\u00f3r\u00f0ungslegan hagna\u00f0 hluthafa. Engu skiptir, a\u00f0 hlutaf\u00e9 gengur kaupum og s\u00f6lum og eignarhaldi\u00f0 er \u00fear me\u00f0 breytilegt fr\u00e1 degi til dags. \u00cd krafti \u00feessarar kenningar eru forstj\u00f3rar sag\u00f0ir \u00feurfa innbygg\u00f0a hvata til a\u00f0 h\u00e1marka gr\u00f3\u00f0a. Forstj\u00f3ralaun me\u00f0 kaupaukum eru or\u00f0in m\u00f6rg hundru\u00f0f\u00f6ld \u00e1 vi\u00f0 me\u00f0allaun starfsmanna fyrirt\u00e6kjanna. Engu breytir \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feessir s\u00f6mu forstj\u00f3rar keyri fyrirt\u00e6kin \u00ed \u00ferot. \u00deeir hir\u00f0a samt umbunina. Kostuleg \u201e\u00e1rangursstj\u00f3rnun\u201c \u00fea\u00f0, e\u00f0a hitt \u00fe\u00f3 heldur.<\/p>\n
\u00dearna er a\u00f0 finna hluta sk\u00fdringarinnar \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, hvers vegna tekjur og eignir safnast hra\u00f0vaxandi \u00e1 f\u00e1rra hendur, \u00e1 sama t\u00edma og raunlaun standa \u00ed sta\u00f0. \u00deetta sk\u00fdrir l\u00edka, hvers vegna langt\u00edmafj\u00e1rfestingar eru vanr\u00e6ktar, \u00fea\u00f0 dregur \u00far sk\u00f6pun n\u00fdrra starfa, langt\u00edmaatvinnuleysi festir sig \u00ed sessi og starfs\u00f6ryggi og r\u00e9ttindi laun\u00feega l\u00e1ta undan s\u00edga. \u00cd \u00feessari gr\u00f3\u00f0amyndunarmask\u00ednu eru innbygg\u00f0ir hvatar til a\u00f0 stunda marka\u00f0smisnotkun, innherjavi\u00f0skipti, b\u00f3khaldshagr\u00e6\u00f0ingu og a\u00f0ra fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lagl\u00e6pi. Hin si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilega bj\u00f6gun er innbygg\u00f0 \u00ed kerfi\u00f0. Kerfi\u00f0 er f\u00e1rsj\u00fakt. <\/i> Mikil \u00e1h\u00e6tta gefur af s\u00e9r h\u00e1ar hagna\u00f0art\u00f6lur (\u00fe\u00e6r hafa aldrei veri\u00f0 h\u00e6rri en eftir hrun). En \u00feegar gr\u00f3\u00f0inn sn\u00fdst upp \u00ed tap, bera skattgrei\u00f0endur tapi\u00f0. \u00deannig hefur \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagss\u00e1ttm\u00e1linn veri\u00f0 rofinn. Frelsi hinna f\u00e1u til a\u00f0 gr\u00e6\u00f0a er \u00e1n nokkurrar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagslegrar \u00e1byrg\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n
\u00cdsland er gott d\u00e6mi um \u00feetta. N\u00fd-einkav\u00e6ddir bankar hl\u00f3\u00f0u upp skuldum \u00ed erlendum gjaldmi\u00f0um, sem n\u00e1mu meira en t\u00edfaldri \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arframlei\u00f0slu okkar, \u00e1\u00f0ur en skuldafjalli\u00f0 hrundi. Ranns\u00f3knarnefnd Al\u00feingis komst a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u, a\u00f0 margir af eigendum\/stj\u00f3rnendum bankanna hef\u00f0u gert sig seka um gl\u00e6psamlega heg\u00f0un, skv. mott\u00f3inu: \u201eBesta lei\u00f0in til a\u00f0 r\u00e6na banka er a\u00f0 eiga banka\u201c. Nefndin komst l\u00edka a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u, a\u00f0 p\u00f3lit\u00edska forystan og eftirlitsstofnanir v\u00e6ru uppv\u00eds a\u00f0 vanr\u00e6kslu og hef\u00f0u brug\u00f0ist skyldum s\u00ednum. Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an af \u00feessu frj\u00e1lshyggju\u00e6vint\u00fdri, \u00ed hverju landinu \u00e1 f\u00e6tur \u00f6\u00f0ru, er v\u00ed\u00f0ast hvar s\u00fa sama: \u00d6llu er sn\u00fai\u00f0 \u00e1 haus: Hagna\u00f0urinn er einkav\u00e6ddur en skuldirnar eru \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0n\u00fdttar. Hva\u00f0 segir \u00feetta okkur um jafnr\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 frammi fyrir l\u00f6gunum og st\u00f6\u00f0u r\u00e9ttarr\u00edkisins?<\/p>\n
Skattasamkeppni ni\u00f0ur \u00e1 vi\u00f0: <\/b> N\u00e6stum helmingur allra al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0avi\u00f0skipta fer fram innan v\u00e9banda fj\u00f6l\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legra au\u00f0hringa. \u00deeir hafa oftar en ekki tryggt s\u00e9r yfirr\u00e1\u00f0 yfir au\u00f0lindum og framlei\u00f0sluferlum me\u00f0 marka\u00f0sr\u00e1\u00f0andi st\u00f6\u00f0u. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00feeirra einkam\u00e1l, hvernig \u00feeir haga ver\u00f0lagningu \u00ed ferlinu fr\u00e1 hr\u00e1efni til s\u00f6lu yfir b\u00fa\u00f0arbor\u00f0i\u00f0. \u00deessir au\u00f0hringar r\u00e1\u00f0a \u00fev\u00ed me\u00f0 ver\u00f0lagningarstefnu sinni, hvar \u00feeir b\u00f3ka hagna\u00f0 og grei\u00f0a \u00fat ar\u00f0 til hluthafa. \u00cd vaxandi m\u00e6li gera \u00feeir \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed skattaskj\u00f3lum <\/i>e\u00f0a \u00ed l\u00f6ndum, \u00fear sem \u00feeir nj\u00f3ta skattfr\u00ed\u00f0inda. Einst\u00f6k \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00edki standa frammi fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vera \u00fevingu\u00f0 til a\u00f0 taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed \u201eskattasamkeppni ni\u00f0ur \u00e1 vi\u00f0\u201c. Eitt af m\u00f6rgum d\u00e6mum um, a\u00f0 fj\u00e1rmagni\u00f0 er al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt, en p\u00f3lit\u00edkin er sta\u00f0bundin ( \u201elokal\u201c).<\/p>\n
\u00deessi fj\u00f6l\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0afyrirt\u00e6ki taka s\u00e9r \u00feannig vald til a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a \u00fea\u00f0 sj\u00e1lf, hvort \u2013 og \u00fe\u00e1 hvar \u2013 \u00feau grei\u00f0a skatta. P\u00f3lit\u00edsk \u00e1hrif \u00feeirra eru i\u00f0ulega margf\u00f6ld \u00e1 vi\u00f0 styrk \u00feeirra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00edkja, sem \u00feau f\u00e1st vi\u00f0. \u00cdslendingar \u00feekkja \u00feetta vel af eigin reynslu. Vi\u00f0 seljum okkar d\u00fdrm\u00e6tu hreinu og endurn\u00fdjanlegu orku \u00e1 undirver\u00f0i. \u00c1 n\u00e6stu \u00e1rum koma \u00feessir \u00e1ratuga g\u00f6mlu samningar til endursko\u00f0unar. \u00de\u00e1 reynir \u00e1 samningst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00edkisins. Geta au\u00f0hringarnir haldi\u00f0 \u00e1fram a\u00f0 hefja sig upp yfir l\u00f6gin? \u00deetta hefur ekkert a\u00f0 gera me\u00f0 frj\u00e1lsa marka\u00f0i. Raunverulegir samkeppnismarka\u00f0ir eru undantekning fremur en regla. Reglurnar sem st\u00fdra heg\u00f0un \u00e1 marka\u00f0i, eru yfirleitt settar af forstj\u00f3raveldi au\u00f0hringanna \u2013 e\u00f0a stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lam\u00f6nnum \u00ed \u00feeirra \u00fej\u00f3nustu. Veikleiki fj\u00f6lmargra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00edkja ney\u00f0ir \u00feau i\u00f0ulega til a\u00f0 taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed skattasamkeppninni ni\u00f0ur \u00e1 vi\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00fearf al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamstarf til a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a vi\u00f0 hi\u00f0 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega kapital. <\/i><\/p>\n
Skattaskj\u00f3lin: <\/b> Frumskylda l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegra stj\u00f3rnvalda er a\u00f0 tryggja jafnr\u00e6\u00f0i allra frammi fyrir l\u00f6gum. Hvers vegna eiga l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegar r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnir, fulltr\u00faar almannavaldsins, a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta bj\u00f3\u00f0a s\u00e9r, a\u00f0 eigendur fjarmagnsins, hinir ofurr\u00edku (\u00feetta eina pr\u00f3sent, sem \u00e1 e\u00f0a r\u00e6\u00f0ur meirihluta jar\u00f0neskra g\u00e6\u00f0a) taki l\u00f6gin \u00ed eigin hendur og undanskilji tekjur s\u00ednar og eignir fr\u00e1 skattlagningu \u00ed almanna\u00fe\u00e1gu? Hva\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tir, a\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegar r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnir framselji sl\u00edk forr\u00e9ttindi \u00ed hendur au\u00f0kl\u00edkunnar? Hvernig getum vi\u00f0 v\u00e6nst \u00feess, a\u00f0 l\u00f6ghl\u00fd\u00f0nir borgarar og fyrirt\u00e6ki keppi \u00e1 marka\u00f0i vi\u00f0 samkeppnisa\u00f0ila, sem eru hafin yfir l\u00f6gin \u2013 sem r\u00edki\u00f0 l\u00e6tur l\u00ed\u00f0ast a\u00f0 nj\u00f3ti sl\u00edks forskots, \u00e1\u00f0ur en samkeppnin byrjar? Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0astofnanir, eins og t.d. G-20, Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0abankinn, Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0agjaldeyrissj\u00f3\u00f0urinn (IMF) \u2013 og sj\u00e1lft Evr\u00f3pusambandi\u00f0 \u2013 kynna sig gjarnan til leiks sem verndarengla samr\u00e6mdra reglna, sem eigi a\u00f0 gilda \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0avi\u00f0skiptum. Hvernig stendur \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 \u00feessar al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0astofnanir l\u00e1ta s\u00edkt \u00f3jafnr\u00e6\u00f0i l\u00ed\u00f0ast \u00e1rum og \u00e1ratugum saman?<\/p>\n
S\u00edvaxandi \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur: <\/b>\u00deetta f\u00e1rsj\u00faka og stj\u00f3rnlausa fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lakerfi, sem hefur \u00feanist \u00fat \u00e1 t\u00edmabili n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjunnar, hefur leitt af s\u00e9r s\u00edvaxandi \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0 au\u00f0s og tekna. \u00deessi \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur er or\u00f0inn meiri en var, \u00e1\u00f0ur en \u00e1hrifa velfer\u00f0arr\u00edkis jafna\u00f0armanna f\u00f3r a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta eftir seinna str\u00ed\u00f0. Samkv\u00e6mt n\u00fdlegri sk\u00fdrslu Oxfam \u00e1 1% hinna ofurr\u00edku meiri au\u00f0 en 99% mannkyns. Samkv\u00e6mt Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0abankanum eiga 64 einstaklingar meiri au\u00f0 en hinn f\u00e1t\u00e6kari helmingur mannkynsins. Meira en helmingur allra fj\u00e1rmagnstekna (ar\u00f0ur, vextir, leiga o.s. frv.) rennur til innan vi\u00f0 1% mannkyns.<\/p>\n
\u00c1 sama t\u00edma hafa laun laun\u00feega \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum sta\u00f0na\u00f0 a\u00f0 raungildi s.l. 30 \u00e1r. Hlutur launa \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0artekjum heimsins \u00ed samanbur\u00f0i vi\u00f0 ar\u00f0 af fj\u00e1rmagni hefur l\u00e6kka\u00f0 svo nemur risav\u00f6xnum upph\u00e6\u00f0um. F\u00e1t\u00e6kt hefur fari\u00f0 vaxandi \u00ed hinum \u00fer\u00f3u\u00f0u r\u00edkjum heimsins, ekki s\u00edst vegna langvarandi atvinnuleysis og vaxandi r\u00e9ttleysis vinnandi f\u00f3lks \u00ed samskiptum vi\u00f0 atvinnurekendur. Ein sk\u00fdringin er s\u00fa, a\u00f0 verkal\u00fd\u00f0shreyfingin er v\u00ed\u00f0ast hvar \u00e1 undanhaldi. \u00deessar \u00fer\u00f3unartilhneigingar eru innbyr\u00f0is tengdar. S\u00f3knin eftir skammt\u00edmagr\u00f3\u00f0a gegnum kauphallar- e\u00f0a fasteignabrask \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir minni langt\u00edmafj\u00e1rfestingu \u00ed innvi\u00f0um \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsins og \u00ed raunhagkerfinu og \u00fe.a.l. f\u00e6rri vel borgandi st\u00f6rf og meira atvinnuleysi.<\/p>\n
Spurning: Ertu a\u00f0 segja, a\u00f0 vald hinnar al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lael\u00edtu hafi vaxi\u00f0 b\u00e6\u00f0i l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0inu og r\u00e9ttarr\u00edkinu yfir h\u00f6fu\u00f0? <\/b><\/p>\n
Svar: <\/b> \u00cd kap\u00edtal\u00edsku marka\u00f0shagkerfi hefur veri\u00f0 \u00f3skr\u00e1\u00f0ur en vi\u00f0urkenndur \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagss\u00e1ttm\u00e1li<\/i>, sem ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 halda \u00ed hei\u00f0ri, ef vi\u00f0 eigum a\u00f0 gera okkur vonir um a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda f\u00e9lagslegri samheldni og trausti almennings \u00e1 stofnunum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsins. Ein grundvallarreglan er \u00feessi: \u00de\u00fa ert frj\u00e1ls a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 keppa eftir h\u00e1marksar\u00f0i og uppskera r\u00edkulegan \u00e1vinning, svo lengi sem \u00fe\u00fa tekur \u00e1h\u00e6ttu me\u00f0 eigi\u00f0 f\u00e9 og spilar samkv\u00e6mt settum leikreglum. Svo lengi sem \u00fe\u00fa sam\u00feykkir, a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fa berir tapi\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfur, ef illa fer. Hagna\u00f0ur og tap eru tv\u00e6r hli\u00f0ar \u00e1 s\u00f6mu mynt. Og svo lengi sem \u00fe\u00fa grei\u00f0ir skatta og skyldur til samf\u00e9lagsins, sem ger\u00f0i \u00feig r\u00edkan. Lj\u00e1um eyra Warren Buffet<\/b>, sem er einn af \u00f6rf\u00e1um r\u00edkustu m\u00f6nnum heims, sem sag\u00f0i um st\u00f6\u00f0u s\u00edna sem margmilljar\u00f0am\u00e6rings: \u201eHva\u00f0 \u00e6tli hef\u00f0i or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00far m\u00e9r, hef\u00f0i \u00e9g veri\u00f0 f\u00e6ddur \u00ed Bangladesh?\u201c <\/i><\/p>\n
\u00dea\u00f0 er \u00e1 grundvelli \u00feessa \u00f3skr\u00e1\u00f0a \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagss\u00e1ttm\u00e1la, sem flestir sam\u00feykkja \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0 upp \u00e1 vissu marki, sem r\u00e9ttm\u00e6ta umbun fyrir frumkv\u00e6\u00f0i, dugna\u00f0, vilja til a\u00f0 taka \u00e1h\u00e6ttu \u2013 og sk\u00f6punarkraft. En ef \u00feessum grundvallarreglum er \u00f6llum sn\u00fai\u00f0 \u00e1 haus; ef ofurar\u00f0ur b\u00f3luhagkerfisins er allur einkav\u00e6ddur (og jafnvel skattsvikinn) en tapi\u00f0 \u00ed ni\u00f0ursveiflunni er \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0n\u00fdtt \u2013 \u00fe\u00e1 er \u00feessi \u00f3skr\u00e1\u00f0i \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagss\u00e1ttm\u00e1li \u00fear me\u00f0 rofinn. \u00de\u00e1 erum vi\u00f0 ekki bara a\u00f0 f\u00e1st vi\u00f0 aflei\u00f0ingar fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lakreppu. Fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lakreppan er \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 grafa undan bur\u00f0arsto\u00f0um hins kap\u00edtal\u00edska marka\u00f0skerfis sj\u00e1lfs. \u00de\u00e1 erum vi\u00f0 st\u00f6dd \u00ed mi\u00f0ri \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagskreppu<\/i>.<\/p>\n
\u00deegar hinir ofurr\u00edku \u2013 \u00feetta svokalla\u00f0a 1% – b\u00edta h\u00f6fu\u00f0i\u00f0 af sk\u00f6mminni me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fela uppsafna\u00f0an au\u00f0 sinn \u00ed svok\u00f6llu\u00f0u skattaparad\u00edsum, til \u00feess a\u00f0 for\u00f0ast a\u00f0 leggja sitt af m\u00f6rkum til samf\u00e9lagsins, \u00fe\u00e1 hafa \u00feeir teki\u00f0 l\u00f6gin \u00ed eigin hendur \u2013 sagt sig \u00far l\u00f6gum vi\u00f0 samf\u00e9lagi\u00f0<\/i>. Hinn skattskyldi hluti einn og s\u00e9r af \u00feeim au\u00f0i, sem falinn hefur veri\u00f0 \u00ed skattaskj\u00f3lum utan vi\u00f0 l\u00f6g og r\u00e9tt, mundi duga til a\u00f0 leysa skuldakreppuna, sem n\u00fa hrj\u00e1ir \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00edkin eftir hruni\u00f0 2008. L\u00edtill hluti \u00feessara f\u00f6ldu fj\u00e1rsj\u00f3\u00f0a hinna f\u00e1u mundi duga til a\u00f0 endurreisa velfer\u00f0arr\u00edkin, sem sum eru a\u00f0 hruni komin. Veruleikinn er hins vegar s\u00e1, a\u00f0 skattgrei\u00f0endur \u00ed \u00feeim l\u00f6ndum, sem har\u00f0ast hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00fati \u00ed fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lakreppunni, eru n\u00fa neyddir til a\u00f0 grei\u00f0a h\u00e6rri skatta og \u00feola harkalegan ni\u00f0urskur\u00f0 \u00e1 samf\u00e9lagslegri \u00fej\u00f3nustu (\u00ed heilbrig\u00f0is- og menntam\u00e1lum) \u2013 \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed skyni a\u00f0 bjarga fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lakerfi hinna ofurr\u00edku.
\n\u00deetta er harkalegasta \u00f3gnin vi\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegt stj\u00f3rnarfar, allt fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 komm\u00fanistar brutust til valda \u00ed R\u00fasslandi eftir fyrra str\u00ed\u00f0, og fasistar n\u00e1\u00f0u v\u00f6ldum \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu \u00e1 millistr\u00ed\u00f0s\u00e1runum. \u00dea\u00f0 var veikleiki l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegra r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rna \u00ed a\u00f0 f\u00e1st vi\u00f0 aflei\u00f0ingar heimskreppunnar milli 1930-40, sem skapa\u00f0i frj\u00f3an jar\u00f0veg fyrir fasismann, sem s\u00ed\u00f0an leiddi af s\u00e9r seinni heimsstyrj\u00f6ldina. \u00deekkjum vi\u00f0 ekki sj\u00fakd\u00f3mseinkennin? Erum vi\u00f0 d\u00e6md til a\u00f0 endurtaka \u00f6ll \u00feessi mist\u00f6k enn og aftur? Hven\u00e6r \u00e6tlum vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00e6ra af reynslunni? <\/i><\/p>\n
Stiklur me\u00f0 vi\u00f0tali vi\u00f0 JBH \u2013 fyrri hluti: <\/b><\/p>\n Vi\u00f0tal M\u00f6rtu Vidunait\u00e9 vi\u00f0 J\u00f3n Baldvin Hannibalsson<\/b>. Vi\u00f0tali\u00f0 birtist \u00ed ritinu \u201eSocialdemokratas\u201c <\/b> \u00ed Vilnius \u00ed j\u00fan\u00ed s.l. \u00ed tilefni af 120 \u00e1ra afm\u00e6li S\u00f3s\u00edal-Demokrataflokksins \u00ed Lith\u00e1en. Fyrri hluti vi\u00f0tals.<\/p>\n \u201eMarka\u00f0urinn er \u00fearfur \u00fej\u00f3nn en \u00f3\u00feolandi h\u00fasb\u00f3ndi\u201c <\/i> (Tage Erlander, fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0herra Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar 1946-69)<\/b><\/p>\n \u201eDansinn \u00ed kringum gullk\u00e1lfinn for\u00f0um daga hefur teki\u00f0 \u00e1 sig n\u00fdja og kaldranalega mynd \u00e1 okkar t\u00edmum \u00ed tilbei\u00f0slu peningavaldsins og alr\u00e6\u00f0i fj\u00e1rmagnsmarka\u00f0a, sem hvort tveggja er fali\u00f0 vald, \u00e1n mannlegs tilgangs. \u2013 Peningar eiga a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3na manninum, ekki a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rna honum.\u201c <\/i> (Hans heilagleiki, Francis p\u00e1fi, NYT, ma\u00ed 2013). <\/b> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1389","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-allar_greinar","category-greinar_og_vidtol"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1389","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1389"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1389\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2657,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1389\/revisions\/2657"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1389"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1389"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1389"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\n