Sp. \u00deegar lei\u00f0 \u00e1 n\u00edunda \u00e1ratug seinustu aldar \u2013 og bo\u00f0a\u00f0ar umb\u00e6tur Gorbachevs l\u00e9tu \u00e1 s\u00e9r standa \u2013 f\u00f3ru Eystrasalts\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0irnar \u00ed vaxandi m\u00e6li a\u00f0 hrista hlekkina. Vi\u00f0 vildum endurheimta fyrra sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00de\u00fa varst utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0herra \u00cdslands \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma (1988-95) og sem sl\u00edkur me\u00f0limur \u00ed r\u00e1\u00f0herrar\u00e1\u00f0i NATO. Hvernig var sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isbar\u00e1ttu okkar teki\u00f0 \u00e1 Vesturl\u00f6ndum \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma?<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Sv: F\u00e1lega \u2013 svo ekki s\u00e9 meira sagt. Talsm\u00f6nnum ykkar var \u00fath\u00fdst af r\u00e1\u00f0stefnum um endalok Kalda str\u00ed\u00f0sins. \u00cd einkasamt\u00f6lum voru \u00feeir snupra\u00f0ir \u2013 vara\u00f0ir vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 spilla samb\u00fa\u00f0inni vi\u00f0 Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin og hvattir til a\u00f0 semja vi\u00f0 \u00feau um aukna heimastj\u00f3rn. \u00deetta var \u00fevert \u00e1 v\u00e6ntingar lei\u00f0toga sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ishreyfinganna \u00ed \u00feessum l\u00f6ndum. E\u00f0lilega. \u00deeir bjuggust vi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 \u00feeim yr\u00f0i teki\u00f0 opnum \u00f6rmum. En \u00fea\u00f0 var n\u00fa \u00f6\u00f0ru n\u00e6r. Hvers vegna? \u00dea\u00f0 var vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 endurheimt sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0i ykkar \u00fe\u00fdddi, a\u00f0 \u00fei\u00f0 seg\u00f0u\u00f0 skili\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin. Engu breytti, \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00fei\u00f0 seg\u00f0u\u00f0 sem satt var, a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir ykkar hef\u00f0u aldrei gengi\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfviljugar \u00ed Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin. \u00dei\u00f0 hef\u00f0u\u00f0 veri\u00f0 \u00fevingu\u00f0 inn og innlimu\u00f0 me\u00f0 hern\u00e1mi og hervaldi. Hva\u00f0 sem \u00fev\u00ed l\u00ed\u00f0ur, hef\u00f0i endurreist sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0i ykkar \u00e1ri\u00f0 1990 \u00fe\u00fdtt \u00fatg\u00f6ngu \u00far Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjunum.<\/p>\n
Lei\u00f0togar Vesturlanda \u2013 Bush<\/b> eldri, Kohl<\/b> kanslari, j\u00e1rnlaf\u00f0in Thatcher<\/b> og m.a.s. g\u00e1fnalj\u00f3si\u00f0 Mitterand<\/b> voru \u00f6ll samm\u00e1la um, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 m\u00e6tti ekki gerast. Hvers vegna ekki? Vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 yr\u00f0i Gorbachev<\/b> sennilega steypt af st\u00f3li; har\u00f0l\u00ednumennirnir (l\u00e6risveinar Stal\u00edns<\/b>) mundu \u00fe\u00e1 aftur n\u00e1 v\u00f6ldum til a\u00f0 hindra, a\u00f0 Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin li\u00f0u\u00f0ust \u00ed sundur. Kalda str\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0 h\u00e6fist \u00e1 n\u00fd og \u2013 \u00ed versta tilviki \u2013 myndu vopnu\u00f0 \u00e1t\u00f6k brj\u00f3tast \u00fat, til a\u00f0 hindra, a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir Mi\u00f0- og Austur-Evr\u00f3pu g\u00e6tu losna\u00f0 undan oki Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjanna. \u00deetta var or\u00f0i\u00f0 spurning um str\u00ed\u00f0 e\u00f0a fri\u00f0.<\/p>\n
Lei\u00f0togar sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ishreyfinga ykkar voru spur\u00f0ir, hvort \u00feeir \u00e6tlu\u00f0u a\u00f0 bera \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 allt f\u00e6ri aftur \u00ed b\u00e1l og brand? \u00c6tlu\u00f0u \u00feeir a\u00f0 gerast fri\u00f0arspillar? \u00deeim var teki\u00f0 eins og \u00f3velkomnum bo\u00f0flennum \u00ed br\u00e6\u00f0ralagi st\u00f3rveldanna, \u00fear sem veri\u00f0 var a\u00f0 semja um endalok kalda str\u00ed\u00f0sins. Og reyndar um lyktir seinni heimstyrjaldar \u00ed \u00feessum heimshluta.<\/p>\n
Lei\u00f0togar Vesturvaldanna h\u00f6f\u00f0u reyndar r\u00e9tt fyrir s\u00e9r \u00ed einu. \u00dea\u00f0 var miki\u00f0 \u00ed h\u00fafi: Afvopnunarsamningar \u2013 b\u00e6\u00f0i um kjarnavopn og venjuleg vopn; frelsun Austur-Evr\u00f3pu; fri\u00f0samleg sameining \u00de\u00fdskalands \u2013 og sam\u00feykki Gorbachevs vi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 sameina\u00f0 \u00de\u00fdskaland yr\u00f0i \u00e1fram \u00ed NATO; ni\u00f0urskur\u00f0ur herja og heimkva\u00f0ning hern\u00e1msli\u00f0a \u00ed Austur-Evr\u00f3pu; endalok kalda str\u00ed\u00f0sins; b\u00e6tt samb\u00fa\u00f0 st\u00f3rvelda. N\u00fd heimsmynd. Hvorki meira n\u00e9 minna.<\/p>\n
Sp. Voru lei\u00f0togar l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isr\u00edkjanna virkilega svo kaldrifja\u00f0ir, a\u00f0 \u00feeir vildu f\u00f3rna draumum okkar um sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0i fyrir fri\u00f0arsamninga vi\u00f0 Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin? <\/b><\/p>\n
Sv.: \u00c9g er ekki viss um, a\u00f0 \u00ed huga margra \u00feeirra hafi \u00feetta veri\u00f0 talin vera mikil f\u00f3rn. Eftir h\u00e1lfa \u00f6ld \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0afangelsi Sov\u00e9tsins voru Eystrasalts\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0irnar \u201egleymdar\u201c \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir. \u00dei\u00f0 voru\u00f0 horfin af radarskj\u00e1 samt\u00edma stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1la. Kohl og Mitterand skrifu\u00f0u Landsbergis<\/b>, lei\u00f0toga sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ishreyfingar Lit\u00e1a, og skoru\u00f0u \u00e1 hann a\u00f0 fresta framkv\u00e6md sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isyfirl\u00fdsingarinnar (fr\u00e1 11. mars, 1990). \u00cd sta\u00f0inn \u00e6tti hann a\u00f0 semja um \u00e1framhaldandi samb\u00fa\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin, \u00e1n fyrirfram skilyr\u00f0a.<\/p>\n
Og Bush, Bandar\u00edkjaforseti, heims\u00f3tti Kyiv, h\u00f6fu\u00f0borg \u00dakra\u00ednu \u00ed febr\u00faar 1990. \u00dear flutti hann r\u00e6\u00f0u \u2013 reyndar \u00e1 sj\u00e1lfu frelsistorginu, Maidan \u2013 r\u00e6\u00f0u, sem s\u00ed\u00f0an hefur or\u00f0i\u00f0 fr\u00e6g a\u00f0 endemum. H\u00fan er k\u00f6llu\u00f0 \u201ethe chicken speech\u201c<\/i>. \u00dear skora\u00f0i hann \u00e1 \u00dakra\u00ednumenn a\u00f0 hafna \u201e\u00f6fgafullri \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ernishyggju\u201c. Hann hvatti \u00fe\u00e1 til a\u00f0 halda Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjunum saman \u2013 allt \u00ed nafni fri\u00f0ar og st\u00f6\u00f0ugleika. \u00deessi r\u00e6\u00f0a hef\u00f0i hlj\u00f3ma\u00f0 eins og t\u00f3nlist \u00ed eyrum manns, sem heitir Vladimir Putin<\/b>, hef\u00f0i h\u00fan veri\u00f0 flutt \u00ed dag. \u00dea\u00f0 er skiljanlegt \u00fat fr\u00e1 b\u00e6jardyrum li\u00f0sforingja \u00ed sov\u00e9sku leyni\u00fej\u00f3nustunni. En sem stefnuyfirl\u00fdsing af v\u00f6rum lei\u00f0toga l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isr\u00edkja Vesturlanda voru \u00feetta p\u00f3lit\u00edsk \u00f6fugm\u00e6li.<\/p>\n
Lei\u00f0togar Vesturlanda h\u00f6f\u00f0u bundi\u00f0 vonir s\u00ednar um endalok kalda str\u00ed\u00f0sins vi\u00f0 p\u00f3lit\u00edsk \u00f6rl\u00f6g eins manns. S\u00e1 h\u00e9t Mikhail Sergeyvich Gorbachev. Ekkert m\u00e6tti segja e\u00f0a gera, sem g\u00e6ti stofna\u00f0 v\u00f6ldum hans \u00ed Kreml \u00ed h\u00e6ttu. \u00deetta er sk\u00fdringin \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, hvers vegna lei\u00f0togum sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ishreyfinga Eystrasalts\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a var f\u00e1lega teki\u00f0, \u00feegar \u00feeir leitu\u00f0u eftir stu\u00f0ningi \u00ed vestri, hj\u00e1 NATO og v\u00ed\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n
Sp. Voru \u00feetta r\u00edkjandi vi\u00f0horf hj\u00e1 lei\u00f0togum Vesturveldanna?<\/b><\/p>\n
Sv: Tv\u00edm\u00e6lalaust. S\u00e9rstaklega var \u00fea\u00f0 svo \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi. \u00dear r\u00edkti sannk\u00f6llu\u00f0 \u201eGorbaman\u00eda\u201c. \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0verjar litu svo \u00e1, a\u00f0 fri\u00f0samleg sameining \u00de\u00fdskalands og \u00e1framhaldandi vera sameina\u00f0s \u00de\u00fdskalands \u00ed NATO, v\u00e6ri hvort tveggja undir Gorbachev komi\u00f0. \u00deeir greiddu f\u00falgur fj\u00e1r \u00ed t\u00f3man r\u00edkissj\u00f3\u00f0 R\u00fassa til a\u00f0 grei\u00f0a fyrir sameiningu \u00de\u00fdskalands og heimkva\u00f0ningu hern\u00e1msli\u00f0s R\u00fassa. Vins\u00e6ldir Gorbachevs \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi voru sl\u00edkar, a\u00f0 skv. sko\u00f0anak\u00f6nnunum hef\u00f0i hann hloti\u00f0 meirihlutafylgi sem kanslari \u00de\u00fdskalands, hef\u00f0i hann bo\u00f0i\u00f0 sig fram. \u00c6tlu\u00f0u svo einhverjir nafnlausir uppreisnarmenn \u00e1 ja\u00f0ri Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjanna a\u00f0 spilla \u00feessum st\u00f3rkostlega \u00e1rangri? Og hugsanlega hleypa \u00f6llu \u00ed b\u00e1l og brand? Hv\u00edl\u00edk \u00f3sv\u00edfni!<\/p>\n
\u00deetta gefur tilefni til a\u00f0 segja f\u00e1ein or\u00f0 um arfleif\u00f0 Gorbachevs og sess hans \u00ed s\u00f6gunni. Hann \u00e1 a\u00f0 nj\u00f3ta sannm\u00e6lis. \u00dea\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur aldrei fr\u00e1 honum teki\u00f0, a\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un hans um a\u00f0 beita ekki hervaldi til a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda sov\u00e9skum yfirr\u00e1\u00f0um \u00ed leppr\u00edkjunum \u00ed Mi\u00f0- og Austur-Evr\u00f3pu (eins og b\u00e6\u00f0i Nikita Kruschev<\/b> og Leonid Br\u00e9snev<\/b> h\u00f6f\u00f0u gert \u00ed B\u00fadapest 1956 og Prag 1968) ger\u00f0i fri\u00f0samleg endalok kalda str\u00ed\u00f0sins m\u00f6guleg. Gorbachev er \u00fev\u00ed fri\u00f0arh\u00f6f\u00f0ingi. Fyrir viki\u00f0 var hann \u00fev\u00ed vel kominn a\u00f0 fri\u00f0arver\u00f0launum N\u00f3bels. En \u00ed jan\u00faar 1991 var hann kominn \u00e1 fremsta hlunn me\u00f0 a\u00f0 drekkja sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ishreyfingu Eystrasalts\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0ba\u00f0i. \u00c1 seinustu stundu s\u00e1 hann a\u00f0 s\u00e9r, l\u00e9t undan s\u00edga \u2013 \u00ed nafni fri\u00f0arins. Fyrir \u00fea\u00f0 ber a\u00f0 \u00feakka og meta a\u00f0 ver\u00f0leikum.<\/p>\n
\u00deetta er hins vegar \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0an fyrir \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 fri\u00f0arins ma\u00f0ur, Mikhail Gorbachev \u2013 vegsama\u00f0ur sem hann var og er \u00e1 Vesturl\u00f6ndum \u2013 er hata\u00f0ur og fyrirlitinn \u00ed heimalandi s\u00ednu, R\u00fasslandi. \u00cd augum R\u00fassa, sem margir deila st\u00f3rveldisdraumum Putins, er Gorbachev n\u00e1nast landr\u00e1\u00f0ama\u00f0ur. Hann er ma\u00f0urinn, sem glutra\u00f0i ni\u00f0ur st\u00f3rfenglegum landvinningum R\u00fassa \u00ed f\u00f6\u00f0urlandsstr\u00ed\u00f0inu mikla \u2013 eins og \u00feeir nefna seinni heimstyrj\u00f6ldina. Hann er ma\u00f0urinn sem hreyf\u00f0i hvorki legg n\u00e9 li\u00f0 til a\u00f0 hindra upplausn og fall Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjanna. Stal\u00edn var a\u00f0 v\u00edsu har\u00f0stj\u00f3ri, en hann ger\u00f0i Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin a\u00f0 heimsveldi. Gorbachev kann a\u00f0 vera m\u00e6tur ma\u00f0ur, en mikilmenni \u2013 \u00fea\u00f0 er hann ekki.<\/p>\n
Sp. Hver ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00ednu mati d\u00f3mur Gorbachevs \u00ed s\u00f6gunni?<\/b><\/p>\n
Sv. \u00deessi spurning gefur tilefni til a\u00f0 bera saman hlut tveggja einstaklinga \u00ed s\u00f6gu \u00feessara t\u00edma \u2013 einstaklinga, sem st\u00f3\u00f0u, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir allt, \u00ed svipu\u00f0um sporum. \u00deeir t\u00f3ku vi\u00f0 v\u00f6ldum \u00ed komm\u00faniskum alr\u00e6\u00f0isr\u00edkjum, sem \u00e1ttu a\u00f0 baki bl\u00f3\u00f0uga har\u00f0stj\u00f3rn, en voru efnahagslega n\u00e1nast \u00ed r\u00fast. \u00deetta voru arftaki Ma\u00f3s<\/b> \u00ed K\u00edna, Deng Xiao Peng<\/b>, og Gorbachev, arftaki har\u00f0stj\u00f3rans, Stal\u00edns.
\nGorbachev bo\u00f0a\u00f0i opnun (glasnost<\/i>) og kerfisbreytingu (perestroika<\/i>). Hann stefndi a\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegum umb\u00f3tum og auknu tj\u00e1ningarfrelsi. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00e1tti a\u00f0 koma fyrst og lei\u00f0a til kerfisbreytingar. Honum l\u00e1\u00f0ist hins vegar a\u00f0 setja fram vandlega hugsa\u00f0a og undirb\u00fana umb\u00f3ta\u00e1\u00e6tlun. Er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 \u201ereformera\u201c komm\u00fan\u00edskt alr\u00e6\u00f0iskerfi og mi\u00f0st\u00fdrt efnahagsb\u00e1kn? \u00dea\u00f0 kom \u00e1 daginn, a\u00f0 Gorbachev haf\u00f0i ekki gr\u00e6nan grun um, hvernig \u00e6tti a\u00f0 fara a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed. \u00cd sta\u00f0inn fyrir umb\u00e6tur upplif\u00f0u R\u00fassar p\u00f3lit\u00edska upplausn, efnahagslegt hrun, skort, f\u00e1t\u00e6kt og ni\u00f0url\u00e6gingu. \u00deetta er arfleif\u00f0 fri\u00f0arh\u00f6f\u00f0ingjans heima fyrir.<\/p>\n
Deng Xiao Peng var or\u00f0inn vitrari af langri l\u00edfsreynslu. Hann byrja\u00f0i \u00e1 umb\u00f3tum heima fyrir, fyrst \u00ed landb\u00fana\u00f0i, svo me\u00f0 opnun landsins fyrir erlendar fj\u00e1rfestingar og innflutta t\u00e6kni. \u00c1rangurinn hefur ekki l\u00e1ti\u00f0 \u00e1 s\u00e9r standa. St\u00f3rkostlegasta efnahagsbylting allra t\u00edma, sem hefur lyft l\u00edfskj\u00f6rum hundru\u00f0a millj\u00f3na K\u00ednverja fr\u00e1 \u00f6rbirg\u00f0 til bjarg\u00e1lna \u00e1 undrask\u00f6mmum t\u00edma. Stj\u00f3rnarfarsbreytingar \u00ed l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0is\u00e1tt munu koma \u00ed fyllingu t\u00edmans. Reynslan s\u00fdnir, a\u00f0 Deng haf\u00f0i r\u00e9tt fyrir s\u00e9r. Gorbachev brast hins vegar dj\u00fapan skilning \u00e1 gangvirki efnahagsl\u00edfsins. Hann skildi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 s\u00edna eftir me\u00f0 t\u00f3man disk.<\/p>\n
Sp. En aftur a\u00f0 afst\u00f6\u00f0u lei\u00f0toga Vesturveldanna til sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isbar\u00e1ttu Eystrasalts\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a. Hvers vegna \u00feetta ginnungagap milli h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0arr\u00e6\u00f0unnar um l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i og sj\u00e1lfs\u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0unarr\u00e9tt \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a og raunveruleikans, ef veruleikinn er allur annar \u00ed bakherbergjum valdsins?<\/b><\/p>\n
Sv: \u00c9g tel mig hafa gefi\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gjandi sk\u00fdringar \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed. \u00datganga Eystrasalts\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a \u00far sov\u00e9ska n\u00fdlenduveldinu var talin geta valdi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 Gorbachev yr\u00f0i steypt af st\u00f3li og \u00ed sta\u00f0inn k\u00e6must har\u00f0l\u00ednumenn til valda. \u00dear me\u00f0 v\u00e6ri allt tapa\u00f0, sem lok kalda str\u00ed\u00f0sins g\u00e6ti f\u00e6rt vi\u00f0komandi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0um \u00ed hreinan \u00e1vinning: frelsun Austur-Evr\u00f3pu, sameining \u00de\u00fdskalands, afvopnunarsamningar o.s. frv.<\/p>\n
H\u00f6fum hugfast, a\u00f0 sagan kennir okkur, a\u00f0 st\u00f3rveldum \u2013 g\u00f6mlum n\u00fdlenduveldum \u2013 er flest anna\u00f0 hugst\u00e6\u00f0ara en sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0i sm\u00e1\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a. Hugsi\u00f0 augnablik um bresku, fr\u00f6nsku og sp\u00e6nsku n\u00fdlenduveldin. Hugsi\u00f0 um samskipti Englendinga vi\u00f0 \u00cdra, Skota og Walesb\u00faa. Hva\u00f0 er a\u00f0 gerast \u00ed dag? \u00d6rv\u00e6ntingarfull tilraun til \u00feess a\u00f0 halda sambandsr\u00edkinu \u2013 the United Kingdom \u2013 saman.<\/p>\n
St\u00f3rveldi, sem eiga vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 str\u00ed\u00f0a innri veikleika af \u00feessu tagi, ver\u00f0a seint \u00ed framvar\u00f0arsveitinni, \u00fear sem barist er fyrir sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0i sm\u00e1\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a. \u00deegar \u00e9g var a\u00f0 tala m\u00e1li ykkar vi\u00f0 starfsbr\u00e6\u00f0ur m\u00edna, utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0herra annarra sm\u00e1\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu, voru undirtektir daufari en \u00e6tla m\u00e6tti, vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feekkingin \u00e1 s\u00f6gu ykkar var t\u00fdnd. M\u00e9r er minnisst\u00e6tt, a\u00f0 einn starfsbr\u00f3\u00f0ir minn svara\u00f0i m\u00e1laleitunum m\u00ednum um stu\u00f0ning me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 segja: Hvers vegna ert \u00fe\u00fa alltaf a\u00f0 tala um sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isr\u00e9tt \u00feessara \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a? Hafa \u00fe\u00e6r ekki tilheyrt R\u00fasslandi \u00ed reynd um aldir? Hafi \u00feetta veri\u00f0 r\u00edkjandi vi\u00f0horf v\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00ed kansel\u00edum Evr\u00f3pu, er ekki v\u00edst, a\u00f0 menn \u00fear hafi liti\u00f0 svo \u00e1, a\u00f0 veri\u00f0 v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 f\u00f3rna sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0i sm\u00e1\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a fyrir \u00e1vinning fri\u00f0arferlisins.<\/p>\n
\u00deegar svo var komi\u00f0, a\u00f0 yfirl\u00fdst stefna forystumanna l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isr\u00edkja \u00e1 Vesturl\u00f6ndum vi\u00f0 lok kalda str\u00ed\u00f0sins var or\u00f0in s\u00fa, \u00ed or\u00f0i og \u00e1 bor\u00f0i, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 yr\u00f0i a\u00f0 halda Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjunum saman, hva\u00f0 sem \u00fea\u00f0 kosta\u00f0i \u2013 \u00ed nafni fri\u00f0ar og st\u00f6\u00f0ugleika \u2013 \u00fe\u00e1 m\u00e1tti hugsandi m\u00f6nnum lj\u00f3st vera, a\u00f0 eitthva\u00f0 haf\u00f0i fari\u00f0 \u00farskei\u00f0is. \u00dea\u00f0 var eitthva\u00f0 miki\u00f0 a\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 sem var a\u00f0, var kolr\u00f6ng greining \u00e1 p\u00f3lit\u00edskum og efnahagslegum l\u00edfsl\u00edkum Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjanna vi\u00f0 \u00f3breytt \u00e1stand. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir h\u00e1fleygar yfirl\u00fdsingar b\u00f3la\u00f0i hvergi \u00e1 efndum um umb\u00e6tur innanlands. Efnahgskerfi\u00f0 var \u00ed lamasessi. \u00dea\u00f0 skila\u00f0i ekki v\u00f6runum.<\/p>\n
Ginnungagapi\u00f0 milli sj\u00e1lfsupphafningar\u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0urs sov\u00e9ska valdakerfisins og veruleikans, eins og hann blasti vi\u00f0 venjulegum borgurum, var or\u00f0i\u00f0 of breytt til a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 yr\u00f0i br\u00faa\u00f0. Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin voru \u00ed tilvistarkreppu. \u00dea\u00f0 var \u00fat \u00ed h\u00f6tt af lei\u00f0togum Vesturlanda a\u00f0 binda \u00f6ll s\u00edn tr\u00fass vi\u00f0 p\u00f3lit\u00edsk \u00f6rl\u00f6g eins manns. \u00dea\u00f0 var ekkert sj\u00e1lfgefi\u00f0, a\u00f0 har\u00f0l\u00ednumenn k\u00e6mu til baka, \u00fe\u00f3tt Gorbachev missti v\u00f6ldin. \u00deetta var allt vanhugsa\u00f0 . Forsendurnar voru rangar og k\u00farsinn vitlaus.<\/p>\n
Sp. Hva\u00f0an kom \u00fe\u00e9r, utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0herra sm\u00e1\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar, sj\u00e1lfstraust til a\u00f0 \u00feykjast vera \u00feess umkominn a\u00f0 vita meira um sundurvirkni og innri erfi\u00f0leika Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjanna en lei\u00f0togar st\u00f3rveldanna me\u00f0 alla s\u00edna s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0inga s\u00e9r a\u00f0 baki? <\/b><\/p>\n
Sv: \u00dea\u00f0 er kannski ekki eins fjarst\u00e6\u00f0ukennt og \u00fea\u00f0 kann a\u00f0 \u00feykja vi\u00f0 fyrstu s\u00fdn. \u00deetta er nokku\u00f0, sem \u00fei\u00f0 reki\u00f0 ykkur \u00e1 hva\u00f0 eftir anna\u00f0, \u00feegar a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed kemur a\u00f0 breg\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 \u00e1reiti R\u00fassa e\u00f0a m\u00f3ta stefnu um, hvernig eigi a\u00f0 haga samskiptum vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1. \u00dea\u00f0 eru\u00f0 \u00fei\u00f0, sem eru\u00f0 s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingarnir \u00e1 \u00feessu svi\u00f0i \u2013 en hvorki Bandar\u00edkjamenn, Bretar e\u00f0a Frakkar. \u00dei\u00f0 b\u00fai\u00f0 a\u00f0 reynslunni. \u00dei\u00f0 tali\u00f0 tungum\u00e1l R\u00fassa. \u00dei\u00f0 hafi\u00f0 \u00feurft a\u00f0 f\u00e1st vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 \u00ed bl\u00ed\u00f0u og str\u00ed\u00f0u. \u00dei\u00f0 skilji\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1. Venjulegir p\u00f3lit\u00edkusar \u00e1 Vesturl\u00f6ndum skilja hins vegar venjulega hvorki upp n\u00e9 ni\u00f0ur \u00ed R\u00fassum. Hva\u00f0 sag\u00f0i ekki Churchill: \u201eRussia is an enigma shrouded in mystery<\/i>\u201c \u2013 R\u00fassland er r\u00e1\u00f0g\u00e1ta, umvafin dul\u00fa\u00f0.<\/p>\n
\u00dea\u00f0 vill svo til, a\u00f0 \u00e9g er af \u00feri\u00f0ju kynsl\u00f3\u00f0 s\u00f3s\u00edaldemokrat\u00edskra stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamanna \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. \u00cd \u00e6sku minni var \u00e9g um skei\u00f0 hallur undir marxisma. Tveir br\u00e6\u00f0ra minna stundu\u00f0u n\u00e1m \u00ed Austur-Evr\u00f3pu. Elsti br\u00f3\u00f0ir minn var sennilega fyrsti ma\u00f0ur af Vesturl\u00f6ndum eftir str\u00ed\u00f0 til a\u00f0 \u00fatskrifast fr\u00e1 Moskvuh\u00e1sk\u00f3la. Hann stunda\u00f0i framhaldsn\u00e1m \u00ed Varsj\u00e1 og Krak\u00e1. \u00c1 n\u00e1ms\u00e1runum eignu\u00f0ust \u00feeir vini me\u00f0al and\u00f3fsmanna \u00ed Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjunum og Austur-Evr\u00f3pu og h\u00e9ldu tengslum vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1.<\/p>\n
\u00de\u00f3tt \u00e9g stunda\u00f0i ekki n\u00e1m \u00ed Austur-Evr\u00f3pu, er st\u00f3r hluti af b\u00f3kasafninu m\u00ednu um ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 Sov\u00e9tinu. Allir ur\u00f0um vi\u00f0 svarnir andst\u00e6\u00f0ingar komm\u00fanista og Sov\u00e9tkerfisins. Sj\u00e1lfur var \u00e9g Fulbright-styrk\u00feegi vi\u00f0 Harvard um skei\u00f0, \u00fear sem ranns\u00f3knarverkefni mitt var samanbur\u00f0ur hagkerfa. \u00c9g bar saman gangvirki og \u00e1rangur bandar\u00edska m\u00f3delsins, Sov\u00e9tkerfisins og norr\u00e6na m\u00f3delsins, sem sm\u00e1m saman er a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a Evr\u00f3pum\u00f3deli\u00f0. \u00c9g komst a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u, a\u00f0 sov\u00e9ska hagkerfi\u00f0 v\u00e6ri \u00ed lamasessi. \u00dea\u00f0 skila\u00f0i ekki v\u00f6runum. \u00dea\u00f0 g\u00e6ti ekki a\u00f0 \u00f3breyttu fulln\u00e6gt \u00fe\u00f6rfum almennings. Drifkrafturinn v\u00e6ri brostinn. \u00dea\u00f0 vanta\u00f0i alla d\u00ednam\u00edk t\u00e6kniframfaranna. \u00cd sta\u00f0inn k\u00e6mi eftir\u00f6pun eftir d\u00fak og disk. Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin v\u00e6ru a\u00f0 dragast aftur \u00far. Stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lakerfi\u00f0 v\u00e6ri roti\u00f0 af spillingu. Valdakl\u00edkan sj\u00e1lf \u2013 nomenklat\u00faran<\/i> \u2013 hef\u00f0i ekki lengur tr\u00fa \u00e1 samkeppnish\u00e6fni og framt\u00ed\u00f0 kerfisins.<\/p>\n
Sov\u00e9tkerfi\u00f0 v\u00e6ru \u00ed dj\u00fapri tilvistarkreppu, sem valhafarnir sj\u00e1lfir kynnu engin r\u00e1\u00f0 til a\u00f0 leysa. N\u00fdlenduveldi \u00feeirra v\u00e6ri \u00ed \u00feann veginn a\u00f0 gli\u00f0na \u00ed sundur, eins og hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 hlutskipti n\u00fdlenduvelda Breta og Frakka upp \u00far seinni heimstyrj\u00f6ld. \u00d6fugt vi\u00f0 Putin taldi \u00e9g, a\u00f0 hrun Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjanna, sem v\u00e6ri framundan, teldist vera me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0asta, sem g\u00e6ti gerst \u00e1 20stu \u00f6ldinni. M\u00e9r fannst \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed beinl\u00ednis s\u00e1rgr\u00e6tilegt a\u00f0 horfa upp \u00e1 lei\u00f0toga l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isr\u00edkja Vesturlanda bo\u00f0a \u00fea\u00f0 sem stefnu s\u00edna a\u00f0 halda b\u00e6ri hinu r\u00fassneska n\u00fdlenduveldi saman, hva\u00f0 sem \u00fea\u00f0 kosta\u00f0i \u2013 \u00ed nafni fri\u00f0ar og st\u00f6\u00f0ugleika. \u00deetta hlj\u00f3ma\u00f0i \u00ed m\u00ednum eyrum sem hrein \u00f6fugm\u00e6li. \u00c9g heyr\u00f0i aldrei sannf\u00e6randi r\u00f6k fyrir \u00fev\u00ed, hvernig \u00feessi stefna g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0is og mannr\u00e9ttinda.<\/p>\n
Sp. \u00cd jan\u00faar 1991 kom til bl\u00f3\u00f0ugra \u00e1taka vi\u00f0 Eystrasalt. Gorbachev taldi sig tilneyddan a\u00f0 beita hervaldi til a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 Eystrasalts\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir seg\u00f0u skili\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin. \u00de\u00fa varst eini utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0herrann fr\u00e1 Vesturl\u00f6ndum, sem m\u00e6ttir \u00e1 sta\u00f0inn: Kom til greina, a\u00f0 Vesturl\u00f6nd sk\u00e6rust \u00ed leikinn me\u00f0 hervaldi?<\/b><\/p>\n
Sv: \u00dea\u00f0 er r\u00e9tt. \u00c9g var eini utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0herrann fr\u00e1 NATO-r\u00edki, sem hl\u00fdddi kalli Landsbergis um a\u00f0 m\u00e6ta \u00e1 sta\u00f0inn og s\u00fdna samst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed verki. \u00c9g heims\u00f3tti \u00ed \u00feessari fer\u00f0 h\u00f6fu\u00f0borgirnar \u00ferj\u00e1r, Vilnius, Riga og Tallinn. Gleymum ekki \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 var sov\u00e9skt setuli\u00f0 \u00ed \u00f6llum l\u00f6ndunum \u00feremur. A\u00f0fer\u00f0arfr\u00e6\u00f0in a\u00f0 baki valdbeitingunni var \u00e1\u00feekk \u00fev\u00ed, sem vi\u00f0 upplifum n\u00fa \u00ed austurh\u00e9ru\u00f0um \u00dakra\u00ednu. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00e1tti a\u00f0 efna til \u00e1rekstra milli \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ernisminnihluta til a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ta sov\u00e9ska \u00edhlutun. S\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1tti a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa yfir ney\u00f0ar\u00e1standi, reka r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnir og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0\u00feing heim og gera \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00feyrfti til a\u00f0 koma aftur \u00e1 l\u00f6gum og reglu. \u00deetta hlj\u00f3mar allt saman kunnuglega.<\/p>\n
Af hverju gugnu\u00f0u \u00feeir \u00e1 seinustu stundu? Skri\u00f0drekarnir voru farnir af sta\u00f0. S\u00e9rsveitir h\u00f6f\u00f0u teki\u00f0 herna\u00f0arlega mikilv\u00e6ga sta\u00f0i, eins og r\u00e1\u00f0uneytisbyggingar og sj\u00f3nvarpsst\u00f6\u00f0var. \u00c9g var ekki \u00ed nokkrum vafa um, hvers vegna \u00feeir g\u00e1fust upp \u00e1 seinustu stundu. Vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 almennings, \u00f3rifa samsta\u00f0a \u00f3vopna\u00f0s f\u00f3lks frammi fyrir byssukj\u00f6ftum skri\u00f0drekanna var sl\u00edk, a\u00f0 ef \u00feeir hef\u00f0u l\u00e1ti\u00f0 til skarar skr\u00ed\u00f0a, hef\u00f0i \u00fearna or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00f3l\u00fdsanlegt bl\u00f3\u00f0ba\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 var meira en fri\u00f0arver\u00f0launahafi N\u00f3bels \u00ed Kreml, Mikhail Gorbachev, gat fengi\u00f0 sig til a\u00f0 bera \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1. \u00dear me\u00f0 hef\u00f0i allt, sem hann haf\u00f0i fram a\u00f0 \u00feeirri stundu bo\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00ed breytinga\u00e1tt, veri\u00f0 fyrir b\u00fd. \u00dear me\u00f0 bjarga\u00f0i Mikhail Gorbachev \u00e6runni og or\u00f0st\u00edr s\u00ednum sem fri\u00f0arh\u00f6f\u00f0ingja. En \u00e1 s\u00f6mu stundu voru dagar Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjanna taldir. Ef viljinn til valdbeitingar er \u00ferotinn, \u00fe\u00e1 er komi\u00f0 a\u00f0 endalokum l\u00f6greglur\u00edkisins. Eins og kom \u00e1 daginn. \u00dea\u00f0 var ekki h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 halda Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjunum saman nema me\u00f0 valdbeitingu.<\/p>\n
Sp. En hef\u00f0u Vesturveldin skorist \u00ed leikinn, ef Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin hef\u00f0u beitt hervaldi af fullum \u00feunga?<\/b><\/p>\n
Sv: \u00deau ger\u00f0u \u00fea\u00f0 ekki \u00ed B\u00fadapest 1956. \u00deau ger\u00f0u \u00fea\u00f0 ekki \u00ed Prag 1968. Enginn af lei\u00f0togum ykkar, sem \u00fe\u00e1 st\u00f3\u00f0u \u00ed eldl\u00ednunni, g\u00e6ldi vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 sj\u00e1lfsblekkingu, a\u00f0 Vesturveldin myndu senda her \u00e1 vettvang til Eystrasalts 1991. Og n\u00fa vill svo vel til, a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum svari\u00f0 fr\u00e1 fyrstu hendi. \u00cd heimildamyndinni \u201e\u00deeir sem \u00feora…\u201c ,sem veri\u00f0 er a\u00f0 s\u00fdna \u00ed Eystrasaltsr\u00edkjunum \u00e1 \u00feessu \u00e1ri, er vi\u00f0tal vi\u00f0 James Baker<\/b>, utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0herra Bandar\u00edkjanna og helsta r\u00e1\u00f0gjafa Bush \u00e1 \u00feeim t\u00edma. \u00dear segir Baker, \u00ed svari vi\u00f0 gagnr\u00fdnum spurningum um afst\u00f6\u00f0u Bandar\u00edkjastj\u00f3rnar, a\u00f0 bandar\u00edsk stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld hafi aldrei vi\u00f0urkennt innlimun Eystrasalts\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a \u00ed Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin. \u00deau hafi \u00fev\u00ed alla t\u00ed\u00f0 stutt \u00e1framhaldandi sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0i \u00feessara \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a. En hafi menn sta\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feeirri tr\u00fa, a\u00f0 s\u00e1 stu\u00f0ningur g\u00e6ti birst \u00ed herna\u00f0ar\u00edhlutun, \u00fe\u00e1 v\u00e6ri \u00fea\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00f6llu fr\u00e1leitt. Stu\u00f0ningur Bandar\u00edkjanna v\u00e6ri \u00e1 bak vi\u00f0 tj\u00f6ldin me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 beita \u00e1hrifum s\u00ednum til a\u00f0 afst\u00fdra bl\u00f3\u00f0ugum \u00e1t\u00f6kum.<\/p>\n
M\u00f6rgum \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar, eftir a\u00f0 Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin voru li\u00f0in undir lok (a\u00f0 mig minnir \u00e1ri\u00f0 2005) var efnt til fj\u00f6l\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legrar r\u00e1\u00f0stefnu \u00ed Riga um efni\u00f0: \u201eHin fri\u00f0samlega lei\u00f0 Eystrasalts\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a til endurreists sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0is \u2013 vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 Vesturlanda\u201c. \u00c9g var \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al r\u00e6\u00f0umanna. \u00c1 \u00feessari r\u00e1\u00f0stefnu heyr\u00f0i \u00e9g \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed fyrsta sinn, m.a. af v\u00f6rum Landsbergis, a\u00f0 h\u00e1ttsettir bandar\u00edskir stj\u00f3rnarerindrekar fullyrtu, a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3tt Bandar\u00edkin hafi ekki geta\u00f0 beitt s\u00e9r opinberlega til stu\u00f0nings vi\u00f0 j\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isbar\u00e1ttu Eystrasalts\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a, vegna annarra hagsmuna, \u00fe\u00e1 hef\u00f0u \u00feau gert \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed reynd me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta skj\u00f3lst\u00e6\u00f0ingsr\u00edki sitt, \u00cdsland, beita s\u00e9r \u00fear \u00ed fremstu v\u00edgl\u00ednu. M.\u00f6.o., \u00cdsland \u00e1 a\u00f0 hafa veri\u00f0 eins og hvert anna\u00f0 pe\u00f0 \u00ed tafli st\u00f3rveldanna. M\u00e9r er sagt, a\u00f0 \u00feetta s\u00e9 enn vi\u00f0kv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 hj\u00e1 bandar\u00edskum stj\u00f3rnarerindrekum, \u00feegar \u00feessi saga er rifju\u00f0 upp. Verst, a\u00f0 \u00feessi fjarst\u00fdring bandar\u00edskra stj\u00f3rnvalda \u00e1 handbendi s\u00ednu skuli alveg hafa fari\u00f0 fram hj\u00e1 m\u00e9r.<\/p>\n
Sp. Eftir stendur spurningin um \u00fea\u00f0, hvers vegna utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0herra \u00cdslands, sem \u00e1tti engra hagsmuna a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu, en var hins vegar h\u00e1\u00f0 Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjunum \u00ed utanr\u00edkisverslun sinni, beitti s\u00e9r me\u00f0 svo afdr\u00e1ttarlausum h\u00e6tti gegn stefnu st\u00f3rveldanna til stu\u00f0nings sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isbar\u00e1ttu sm\u00e1\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna vi\u00f0 Eystrasalt? Og gekk \u00fear me\u00f0 fram fyrir skj\u00f6ldu grann\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a, sem hef\u00f0i e.t.v. sta\u00f0i\u00f0 n\u00e6r a\u00f0 taka frumkv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0.<\/b><\/p>\n
Sv: \u00c9g hef \u00feegar sagt \u00fe\u00e9r, hversu fr\u00e1leitt m\u00e9r \u00fe\u00f3tti, a\u00f0 Vesturveldin ger\u00f0u \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 stefnu sinni a\u00f0 halda b\u00e6ri Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjunum saman, hva\u00f0 sem \u00fea\u00f0 kosta\u00f0i \u2013 \u00ed nafni fri\u00f0ar og st\u00f6\u00f0ugleika. \u00c9g kalla\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 \u00f6fugm\u00e6li. Greining m\u00edn \u00e1 st\u00f6\u00f0u m\u00e1la innan Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjanna leiddi til annarrar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u en \u00feeirrar, a\u00f0 selja \u00e6tti Gorbachev sj\u00e1lfd\u00e6mi um \u00f6rl\u00f6g Eystrasalts\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a. M\u00e9r fannst einfaldlega, a\u00f0 lei\u00f0togar Vesturveldanna f\u00e6ru villur vegar \u00ed \u00feessu m\u00e1li. Ef \u00fe\u00fa ert sannf\u00e6r\u00f0ur um, a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fa hafir r\u00e9tt fyrir \u00fe\u00e9r \u2013 og \u00fea\u00f0 er miki\u00f0 \u00ed h\u00fafi \u2013 hvers vegna \u00fe\u00e1 ekki a\u00f0 fylgja eftir sannf\u00e6ringu sinni?
\n\u00c9g hef aldrei \u00fej\u00e1\u00f0st alvarlega af minnim\u00e1ttarkennd fyrir \u00fe\u00e6r sakir einar a\u00f0 vera fulltr\u00fai sm\u00e1\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar. \u00c9g hef \u00e1 m\u00ednum p\u00f3lit\u00edska ferli veri\u00f0 \u00ed n\u00e1v\u00edgi vi\u00f0 \u00fdmsa lei\u00f0toga svokalla\u00f0ra st\u00f3r\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a, sem b\u00e6ttu ekki alin vi\u00f0 h\u00e6\u00f0 s\u00edna fyrir \u00fe\u00e6r sakir einar. \u00dea\u00f0 eru l\u00edka \u00fdmis d\u00e6mi um, a\u00f0 sm\u00e1\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir geti hugsa\u00f0 st\u00f3rt. \u00c9g \u00e6tla a\u00f0 nefna \u00fe\u00e9r eitt d\u00e6mi um \u00fea\u00f0.<\/p>\n
\u00c1 seinni hluta 20stu aldar st\u00f3\u00f0u strandr\u00edki heimsins \u2013 yfirleitt sm\u00e1\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir \u00far alfararlei\u00f0 \u2013 frammi fyrir \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 r\u00edkjandi frelsi \u00e1 \u00fath\u00f6funum \u00f3gna\u00f0i framt\u00ed\u00f0 fiskvei\u00f0a og var\u00f0veislu sj\u00e1varau\u00f0linda. Kj\u00f6ror\u00f0i\u00f0 um frelsi \u00fathafanna var venjuhelga\u00f0 af hagsmunum n\u00fdlendu- og flotavelda. \u00dea\u00f0 var grundvallarregla til a\u00f0 tryggja f\u00f6r herskipa um \u00fath\u00f6fin og au\u00f0velda \u00feeim \u00edhlutun \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum heimshlutum. \u00deriggja m\u00edlna l\u00f6gsaga strandr\u00edkja helga\u00f0ist af langdr\u00e6gni breskra fallbyssub\u00e1ta. \u00deetta var\u00f0 sm\u00e1m saman a\u00f0 vi\u00f0tekinni reglu \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamskiptum, helga\u00f0 af \u201egun-boat-diplomacy\u201c<\/i>. Bretar k\u00f6llu\u00f0u \u00feetta al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0al\u00f6g.<\/p>\n
Me\u00f0 i\u00f0n- og t\u00e6knibyltingu seinni t\u00edma hafa \u00fathafsvei\u00f0iflotar st\u00e6kka\u00f0 og vei\u00f0igetan margfaldast. Margir fiskistofnar eru \u00ed \u00fatr\u00fdmingarh\u00e6ttu. H\u00f6fin eru \u00ed vaxandi m\u00e6li a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a sorphaugar ofneyslu\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9laga me\u00f0 \u00f3fyrirsj\u00e1anlegum ska\u00f0a fyrir l\u00edfr\u00edki jar\u00f0arinnar. Vaxandi vitund um nau\u00f0syn verndunar n\u00e1tt\u00faruau\u00f0linda studdi mj\u00f6g kr\u00f6fur strandr\u00edkja um \u00faf\u00e6rslu au\u00f0lindal\u00f6gs\u00f6gunnar.<\/p>\n
Um lei\u00f0 og strandr\u00edkin f\u00e1 aukinn r\u00e9tt til a\u00f0 n\u00fdta au\u00f0lindir \u00ed l\u00f6gs\u00f6gu sinni, hafa \u00feau beinna hagsmuna a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta a\u00f0 vernda au\u00f0lindina sj\u00e1lfa. \u00deau hafa t.d. hvata til a\u00f0 stunda vistv\u00e6nar vei\u00f0ar. \u00deetta sty\u00f0st l\u00edka vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0, sem kennt hefur veri\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u201eharmleik almenninganna\u201c (the tragedy of the Commons). S\u00fa reynsla kennir okkur, a\u00f0 ef a\u00f0gangur a\u00f0 au\u00f0lind er \u00f6llum opinn, og enginn er \u00ed krafti eignarr\u00e9ttar \u00e1byrgur fyrir verndun og vi\u00f0haldi, \u00fe\u00e1 muni s\u00f3kn halda \u00e1fram, \u00fear til au\u00f0lindin er \u00e1 \u00ferotum. \u00deannig bera allir ska\u00f0a af. \u00deetta er \u00fea\u00f0 sem er a\u00f0 gerist \u00e1 \u00fath\u00f6funum, og \u00feau eru hvorki meira n\u00e9 minna en \u00fer\u00edr fj\u00f3r\u00f0u hlutar af yfirbor\u00f0i jar\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n
\u00cdsland var eitt af f\u00e1um strandr\u00edkjum, sem \u00e1tti l\u00edfshagsmuni s\u00edna undir vistv\u00e6num vei\u00f0um. Nokkur sl\u00edk r\u00edki t\u00f3ku h\u00f6ndum saman upp \u00far seinna str\u00ed\u00f0i \u00ed \u00f3formlegu bandalagi \u00e1 vettvangi Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna. \u00deau b\u00f6r\u00f0ust fyrir \u00fatf\u00e6rslu efnahagsl\u00f6gs\u00f6gu strandr\u00edkja \u00ed \u00e1f\u00f6ngum. \u00cdsland byrja\u00f0i 1954 me\u00f0 \u00fatf\u00e6rslu \u00far \u00feremur sj\u00f3m\u00edlum \u00ed fj\u00f3rar. N\u00e6st, 1958, \u00far fj\u00f3rum \u00ed t\u00f3lf. \u00dev\u00ed n\u00e6st 1972 \u00far t\u00f3lf \u00ed fimmt\u00edu. Og loks, loka\u00e1fanginn, \u00far fimmt\u00edu \u00ed tv\u00f6 hundru\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1975. \u00cd \u00f6ll skiptin beittu Bretar valdi til a\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0va \u00feessa \u00fer\u00f3un.<\/p>\n
\u00c1ri\u00f0 1954 settu \u00feeir vi\u00f0skiptabann \u00e1 \u00cdsland. \u00dea\u00f0 leiddi til \u00feess, a\u00f0 Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin ur\u00f0u veigamikill marka\u00f0ur fyrir \u00edslenskar sj\u00e1varafur\u00f0ir og a\u00f0 \u00cdslendingar ur\u00f0u h\u00e1\u00f0ir innflutningi \u00e1 eldsneyti fr\u00e1 Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjunum.\u00cd \u00f6ll skiptin, 1958, 1972 og 1975 sendu Bretar herskip inn fyrir \u00edslenska landhelgi til a\u00f0 vernda vei\u00f0i\u00fej\u00f3fa. \u00deessi \u00e1t\u00f6k gengu undir nafninu \u201e\u00deorskastr\u00ed\u00f0in\u201c. Vera okkar \u00ed NATO og herna\u00f0arhagsmunir Bandar\u00edkjanna \u00e1 N-Atlantshafi \u00ed kalda str\u00ed\u00f0inu var\u00f0 til \u00feess, a\u00f0 aftra Bretum fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 beita fullu valdi.<\/p>\n
Lokani\u00f0ursta\u00f0an var\u00f0 \u00feessi: \u00d3formlegt bandalag sm\u00e1\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a \u00ed fj\u00f3rum heims\u00e1lfum gegn r\u00f3tgr\u00f3num hagsmunum n\u00fdlendu- og flotavelda vann \u00fea\u00f0 afrek a\u00f0 breyta \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arr\u00e9tti me\u00f0 sam\u00feykkt hafr\u00e9ttars\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans \u00e1 allsherjar\u00feingi Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna 1982. Fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 meirihluti a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkja S\u00de sta\u00f0festu s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lann, hefur hann veri\u00f0 r\u00edkjandi al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0al\u00f6g. \u00dea\u00f0 var st\u00f3r stund, \u00feegar utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0herrar meirihluta \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a heims komu saman \u00ed Kingston, Jamaica til a\u00f0 sta\u00f0festa s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lann sem al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0al\u00f6g. \u00deetta er einhver \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingarmesta l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f, sem sett hefur veri\u00f0 \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0av\u00edsu \u00fat fr\u00e1 v\u00edsindalegum forsendum um verndun l\u00edfr\u00edkis jar\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n
\u00c9g nefni \u00feetta d\u00e6mi til sk\u00fdringar \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, hvers vegna vi\u00f0, \u00cdslendingar, risum gegn r\u00e1\u00f0andi vi\u00f0horfum st\u00f3rvelda var\u00f0andi sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isbar\u00e1ttu ykkar. \u00cd b\u00e1\u00f0um tilvikum snerist m\u00e1li\u00f0 um samst\u00f6\u00f0u sm\u00e1\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a, \u00feegar forysta st\u00f3rvelda hefur brug\u00f0ist. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00f3\u00fearfi a\u00f0 ala me\u00f0 s\u00e9r einhverja vanmetakennd fyrir h\u00f6nd sm\u00e1\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a. \u00de\u00e6r sm\u00e1\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir, sem best hefur tekist upp var\u00f0andi stj\u00f3rnarfar og efnahags\u00fer\u00f3un, eru \u00ed fremstu r\u00f6\u00f0 var\u00f0andi l\u00edfsg\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed ver\u00f6ldinni. Og sm\u00e1\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir geta stundum, eins og d\u00e6min s\u00fdna, hugsa\u00f0 st\u00f3rt.<\/p>\n
Stundum koma \u00feeir t\u00edmar, a\u00f0 sm\u00e1\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir \u00feurfa a\u00f0 efla samst\u00f6\u00f0u s\u00edna, til \u00feess a\u00f0 hafa vit fyrir st\u00f3r\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0um, \u00feegar \u00fe\u00e6r fara fram af valdhroka og skamms\u00fdni. N\u00fa \u00feurfi\u00f0 \u00fei\u00f0, Eystrasalts\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir, t.d. a\u00f0 beita \u00e1hrifum ykkar innan Evr\u00f3pusambandsins og NATO til stu\u00f0nings \u00dakra\u00ednum\u00f6nnum, sem n\u00fa engjast \u00ed r\u00fassneskri herkv\u00ed. \u00dei\u00f0 hafi\u00f0 \u00feekkinguna og reynsluna. \u00dei\u00f0 \u00feurfi\u00f0 a\u00f0 hafa vit fyrir forystum\u00f6nnum Evr\u00f3pu og Amer\u00edku \u00ed samskiptum vi\u00f0 R\u00fassa og til stu\u00f0nings \u00dakra\u00ednu. Og meira en \u00fea\u00f0. \u00dei\u00f0 \u00feurfi\u00f0 a\u00f0 mi\u00f0la \u00dakra\u00ednum\u00f6nnum af reynslu ykkar a\u00f0 fengnu sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0i s.l. aldarfj\u00f3rung um \u00fea\u00f0, hvernig best er a\u00f0 framkv\u00e6ma um\u00fe\u00f3ftun fr\u00e1 alr\u00e6\u00f0isstj\u00f3rnarfari til l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0is og fr\u00e1 mi\u00f0st\u00fdr\u00f0u fyrirskipanahagkerfi til marka\u00f0sb\u00faskapar undir l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegri stj\u00f3rn. \u00dei\u00f0 kunni\u00f0 \u00feetta. \u00dei\u00f0 geti\u00f0 \u00feetta.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
H\u00e9r kemur \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ing \u00e1 vi\u00f0tali Ilze Nagla<\/b>, fr\u00e9ttaritara lettneska r\u00edkissj\u00f3nvarpsins (LTV) vi\u00f0 J\u00f3n Baldvin Hannibalsson<\/b>, fyrrverandi utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0herra \u00cdslands, um stu\u00f0ning \u00cdslendinga vi\u00f0 endurheimt sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0is Eystrasalts\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a, \u00e1greining vi\u00f0 lei\u00f0toga Vesturveldanna, sess Gorbachevs \u00ed s\u00f6gunni, hrun Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjanna og samst\u00f6\u00f0u sm\u00e1\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a, sem getur breytt heiminum. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1431","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-allar_greinar","category-greinar_og_vidtol"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1431","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1431"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1431\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2703,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1431\/revisions\/2703"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1431"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1431"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1431"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}