{"id":2495,"date":"2020-04-18T21:39:59","date_gmt":"2020-04-18T21:39:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/?p=2495"},"modified":"2020-09-22T09:56:15","modified_gmt":"2020-09-22T09:56:15","slug":"um-hvad-er-politik","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/?p=2495","title":{"rendered":"UM HVA\u00d0 ER P\u00d3LIT\u00cdK?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er m.\u00f6.o. misskilningur a\u00f0 p\u00f3lit\u00edk sn\u00faist um val milli \u00feess a\u00f0 vera marka\u00f0ssinni e\u00f0a r\u00edkisforsj\u00e1rsinni. Afn\u00e1m marka\u00f0skerfisins \u00ed sov\u00e9tinu s\u00e1luga bau\u00f0 upp \u00e1 sveltandi s\u00f3s\u00edalisma. Stera-kapitalismi \u2013 marka\u00f0skerfi \u00e1n r\u00edkisafskipta \u2013 enda\u00f0i \u00ed heimskreppu 1929 og lauk ekki fyrr en \u00ed heimsstyrj\u00f6ld sem kosta\u00f0i tugi millj\u00f3na mannsl\u00edfa. \u00dea\u00f0 var r\u00edkisvaldi\u00f0 sem for\u00f0a\u00f0i okkur fr\u00e1 n\u00fdrri heimskreppu 2008. \u00cd millit\u00ed\u00f0inni hafa n\u00e6r \u00f6ll \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00edki heims or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir bar\u00f0inu \u00e1 b\u00f3luhagkerfum og mini-kreppum marka\u00f0skerfis, sem var anna\u00f0 hvort \u00e1n afskipta r\u00edkisvaldsins e\u00f0a \u00fea\u00f0 l\u00e9t ekki a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rn. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00fearf ekki frekar vitnanna vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 stera-kap\u00edtalismi er \u00f3sj\u00e1lfb\u00e6r. Og \u00fea\u00f0 sem verra er: Ef ekki ver\u00f0ur gripi\u00f0 \u00ed taumana mun hann fyrirsj\u00e1anlega tort\u00edma l\u00edfr\u00edkinu og gera j\u00f6r\u00f0ina \u00f3byggilega.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Gull\u00f6ld jafna\u00f0arstefnu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c6 fleiri horfa n\u00fa me\u00f0 s\u00f6knu\u00f0i til t\u00edmabilsins 1950-1980 sem n\u00fa er kennt vi\u00f0 hina s\u00f3s\u00edal-dem\u00f3krat\u00edsku gull\u00f6ld Evr\u00f3pu. Nor\u00f0url\u00f6nd voru \u00fe\u00e1 \u00ed fararbroddi. En hi\u00f0 f\u00e9lagslega marka\u00f0skerfi Evr\u00f3pu dr\u00f3 d\u00e1m af \u00feeim. Umgj\u00f6r\u00f0in um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0akerfi\u00f0 (kennt vi\u00f0 Bretton-Woods) var umsami\u00f0 fastgengiskerfi gjaldmi\u00f0la. Fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lamarka\u00f0ir lutu stj\u00f3rn \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00edkja. Marka\u00f0skerfi\u00f0 laut samkeppnisreglum, sem r\u00edki\u00f0 setti og millir\u00edkjasamningar greiddu g\u00f6tu al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0avi\u00f0skipta. Marka\u00f0ir lutu stj\u00f3rn \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00edkisins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Innan landam\u00e6ra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00edkja voru bygg\u00f0 upp velfer\u00f0arr\u00edki. Hlutur r\u00edkisins \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0artekjum \u00f3x fr\u00e1 ca. 20 % \u00ed 45- 50%. R\u00edki\u00f0 trygg\u00f0i \u00f6llum almannatryggingar, a\u00f0gengi a\u00f0 menntun, stu\u00f0la\u00f0i a\u00f0 fullri atvinnu og s\u00e1 fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 allir fengu h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 vi\u00f0r\u00e1\u00f0anlegum kj\u00f6rum. \u00deetta var fj\u00e1rmagna\u00f0 me\u00f0 stigh\u00e6kkandi sk\u00f6ttum \u00fear sem fj\u00e1rmagnseigendur og hinir efnameiri greiddu meira til sameiginlegra \u00fearfa en hinir l\u00e6gst launu\u00f0u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00der\u00e1tt fyrir h\u00e1a skatta og v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6k afskipti af m\u00f6rku\u00f0um var hagv\u00f6xtur mun meiri en \u00e1 yfirstandandi t\u00edmabili n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjunnar (1980-2020) sem og framlei\u00f0ni. L\u00edfskj\u00f6r f\u00f3ru hra\u00f0batnandi og j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur \u00ed eigna- og tekjuskiptingu f\u00f3r vaxandi, vegna afskipta r\u00edkisvaldsins af m\u00f6rku\u00f0um.  Marka\u00f0ir eru nefnilega ekki sj\u00e1lf-lei\u00f0r\u00e9ttandi. Afskipti r\u00edkisins af m\u00f6rku\u00f0um draga ekki \u00far hagvexti og fj\u00e1rfestingu, n\u00e9 sk\u00f6pun starfa. \u00devert \u00e1 m\u00f3ti. Heimatr\u00fabo\u00f0 n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjunnar hefur ekki sta\u00f0ist d\u00f3m reynslunnar. Tr\u00fabo\u00f0arnir hafa reynst vera falssp\u00e1menn \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3nustu au\u00f0valdsins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uppreisn gegn velfer\u00f0arr\u00edkinu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yfirstandandi t\u00edmabil n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjunnar (1980-2020) h\u00f3fst sem uppreisn gegn velfer\u00f0arr\u00edkinu. \u00deetta byrja\u00f0i allt saman me\u00f0 valdat\u00f6ku Thatcher \u00ed Bretlandi og Reagan \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum. Tr\u00fabo\u00f0i\u00f0 snerist um a\u00f0 h\u00e6tta afskiptum r\u00edkisins af m\u00f6rku\u00f0um; a\u00f0 einkav\u00e6\u00f0a r\u00edkiseignir og a\u00f0 l\u00e6kka skatta \u00e1 fj\u00e1rmagnseigendum. \u00deetta \u00e1tti a\u00f0 \u00f6rva hagv\u00f6xt, sem a\u00f0 lokum myndi \u201eseytla\u201c ni\u00f0ur til allra. Hagvaxtafl\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1tti a\u00f0 lyfta \u00f6llum b\u00e1tum. \u00deau \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00edki sem ekki spilu\u00f0u eftir leikreglum n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjunnar myndu heltast \u00far lestinni \u00ed hagvaxtarkapphlaupinu og ver\u00f0a st\u00f6\u00f0nun og atvinnuleysi a\u00f0 br\u00e1\u00f0. N\u00fa, fj\u00f3rum \u00e1ratugum s\u00ed\u00f0ar, vitum vi\u00f0 betur. N\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjan er hugmyndalega og hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega gjald\u00ferota r\u00e9tt eins og Sov\u00e9tkomm\u00fanisminn. N\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjutr\u00fabo\u00f0arnir eru greinilega andlega skyldir komm\u00fanistum: B\u00e1\u00f0ir tr\u00faa \u00e1 St\u00f3rasannleik, sem stenst \u00ed hvorugu tilvikinu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aflei\u00f0ingin af \u00feessari \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagstilraun n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjunnar l\u00fdsir s\u00e9r \u00ed svo hra\u00f0vaxandi \u00f3j\u00f6fnu\u00f0i \u00ed eigna- og tekjuskiptingu, a\u00f0 sam\u00fej\u00f6ppun au\u00f0s og valds \u00ed h\u00f6ndum \u00f6rf\u00e1menns forr\u00e9ttindah\u00f3ps er or\u00f0in grafalvarleg \u00f3gn vi\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0, sem hvarvetna \u00ed heiminum er n\u00fa or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 undanhaldi. T\u00f6kum d\u00e6mi af h\u00e1borg stera-kap\u00edtalismans \u2013 Bandar\u00edkjunum. Hva\u00f0 hefur gerst \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu fr\u00e1 1970-2018? Hlutur hinna ofurr\u00edku (1% \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar) \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arau\u00f0num hefur aukist \u00far 22% \u00ed 37% \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arau\u00f0sins. Hlutur hinna (90% \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar) hefur minnka\u00f0 \u00far 40% \u00ed 27% \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arau\u00f0sins. \u00dea\u00f0 hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 alger umskipti var\u00f0andi au\u00f0 og v\u00f6ld: \u00dea\u00f0 sem 90% \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar hefur tapa\u00f0 hefur forr\u00e9ttindah\u00f3pur fj\u00e1rmagnseigenda \u00e1unni\u00f0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Og hva\u00f0 me\u00f0 tekjuskiptinguna? Fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1980 hafa tekjur 0,1% hinna ofurr\u00edku aukist um 320%. Tekjur hinna vellr\u00edku (0,01% \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar) hafa vaxi\u00f0 um 430%. Og tekjur hinna stjarnfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega r\u00edku (0,001% \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar, sem samanstendur af 2300 einstaklingum) hafa vaxi\u00f0 um 600%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hva\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00feann helming \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar (50% \u00edb\u00faafj\u00f6ldans) sem teljast til hinna l\u00e1glaunu\u00f0u? Tekjur \u00feeirra, a\u00f0 teknu tilliti til ver\u00f0b\u00f3lgu, hafa vaxi\u00f0 \u00e1rlega um 0,1% \u00e1 \u00feessum fj\u00f3rum \u00e1ratugum. \u00deess s\u00e9r engin merki a\u00f0 hagvaxtarfl\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0 hafi lyft \u00f6llum b\u00e1tum, n\u00e9 heldur a\u00f0 neitt hafi \u201eseytla\u00f0 ni\u00f0ur\u201c e\u00f0a molar hroti\u00f0 af bor\u00f0um hinna r\u00edku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Valdatilf\u00e6rsla: fr\u00e1 f\u00f3lkinu til fj\u00e1rmagnseigenda<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Og au\u00f0i fylgja v\u00f6ld. Hinir ofurr\u00edku eiga ekki bara fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lakerfi\u00f0, st\u00f3rfyrirt\u00e6kin og hafa r\u00e1\u00f0ningarvaldi\u00f0. \u00deeir eiga l\u00edka fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0lana, hugveiturnar, flesta p\u00f3lit\u00edkusana, og r\u00e1\u00f0a \u00fear me\u00f0 leikreglunum og \u00fear me\u00f0 tali\u00f0 skattkerfinu. Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an er \u00feessi: \u201eVi\u00f0 getum b\u00fai\u00f0 vi\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i e\u00f0a vi\u00f0 s\u00e6ttum okkur vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 au\u00f0urinn safnist \u00e1 f\u00e1ar hendur \u2013 en vi\u00f0 getum ekki b\u00fai\u00f0 vi\u00f0<\/em> hvort tveggja\u201c<\/em> \u2013 svo vitna\u00f0 s\u00e9 til or\u00f0a Luis Brandeis, forseta H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar Bandar\u00edkjanna (sem Brandeis college er kenndur vi\u00f0, \u00fear sem margir \u00edslendingar hafa stunda\u00f0 n\u00e1m, \u00fe.\u00e1.m. Geir Haarde, fv fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0herra).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Er \u00feetta eitthvert n\u00e1tt\u00farul\u00f6gm\u00e1l? Nei, \u00feetta er p\u00f3lit\u00edk. Me\u00f0 vaxandi misskiptingu au\u00f0s og tekna, fylgir l\u00edka misskipting valds og \u00e1hrifa. V\u00f6ldin hafa f\u00e6rst fr\u00e1 almenningi til fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lael\u00edtunnar. Fr\u00e1 fulltr\u00faum laun\u00feega (verkal\u00fd\u00f0shreyfingunni) til atvinnurekenda. Fr\u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00edkjum til al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0av\u00e6ddra au\u00f0hringa; fr\u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0\u00feingum til \u00fej\u00f3fr\u00e6\u00f0is. Eitt athyglisvert au\u00f0kenni \u00feessarar \u00fer\u00f3unar er eftirfarandi: \u00dea\u00f0 sem h\u00e9r \u00e1\u00f0ur fyrr var talin vera venjuleg \u00fej\u00f3nustugrein vi\u00f0 atvinnul\u00edfi\u00f0, b\u00f3khald kennt vi\u00f0 l\u00f6ggilta endursko\u00f0un, er n\u00fa or\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legri og h\u00e1launa\u00f0ri r\u00e1\u00f0gjafastarfsemi me\u00f0 hundru\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fasunda s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0inga \u00ed skattsvikum \u00ed sinni \u00fej\u00f3nustu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 A\u00f0 s\u00f6gn s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0inga Berkley h\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00ed skattabransanum ganga \u00feessir au\u00f0hringar undir nafninu \u201eThe Big Four\u201c (Deloitte, Ernst and Young, KPMG og PriceWaterHouseCooper). Undir \u00feeirra verndarv\u00e6ng hefur or\u00f0i\u00f0 til \u00feri\u00f0ja st\u00e6rsta hagkerfi heims, skattaparad\u00edsir. \u00c1 afviknum st\u00f6\u00f0um, aflandseyjum og \u00fatn\u00e1rum heimsins. En ekki bara \u00fear heldur l\u00edka \u00fear sem s\u00edst skyldi, innan v\u00e9banda ESB, sem \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera fremst \u00ed flokki fj\u00f6l\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0astofnana vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 koma l\u00f6gum yfir \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00edki, sem selja fullveldi sitt \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3nustu l\u00f6gbrj\u00f3ta vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 stela skattstofnum annarra r\u00edkja (og r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ta \u00fea\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 \u00feurfi a\u00f0 svelta velfer\u00f0arr\u00edkin til hl\u00fd\u00f0ni).  L\u00faxemborg, Malta, K\u00fdpur, j\u00e1 og Ni\u00f0url\u00f6ndin, \u00cdrland og \u00f6ll eykr\u00edlin undir vernd bresku kr\u00fanunnar. Binda ekki Brexit-sinnarnir vonir s\u00ednar um a\u00f0 \u00ed sta\u00f0inn fyrir st\u00f3ra Bretland, geti litla England bl\u00f3mstra\u00f0 \u00ed City of London<\/em> sem skattaparad\u00eds framt\u00ed\u00f0arinnar?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a:<\/strong> N\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjufaraldurinn, sem hefur fari\u00f0 eins og eldur um sinu um heimsbygg\u00f0ina sl. 40 \u00e1r er or\u00f0inn a\u00f0 alvarlegri \u00f3gn vi\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0, velfer\u00f0arr\u00edki\u00f0 og sj\u00e1lft l\u00edfr\u00edki\u00f0. Um hva\u00f0 er p\u00f3lit\u00edk? H\u00fan \u00e1 a\u00f0 vera um \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 taka \u00ed taumana \u00ed t\u00e6ka t\u00ed\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 afst\u00fdra \u00feessari fyrirsj\u00e1anlegu \u00f3gn. Kunnum vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0? J\u00e1 \u2013 vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum gert \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1\u00f0ur. \u00dea\u00f0 heitir Norr\u00e6na m\u00f3deli\u00f0. Sumir kalla \u00fea\u00f0 hi\u00f0 f\u00e9lagslega marka\u00f0skerfi Evr\u00f3pu. Vi\u00f0 \u00feurfum a\u00f0 mynda p\u00f3lit\u00edskt bandalag allra \u00feeirra sem hafa hagsmuna a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hrinda yfirstandandi \u00e1r\u00e1s \u00e1 velfer\u00f0arr\u00edki\u00f0 og l\u00edfr\u00edki\u00f0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ef vi\u00f0 einbl\u00ednum \u00e1 a\u00f0alatri\u00f0in kemur \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 er miklu fleira sem sameinar en sundrar. Vi\u00f0 erum meirihlutinn. Virkjum l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0. Sameinumst um prakt\u00edskar lausnir sem duga.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cdtarefni sem er kveikjan a\u00f0 \u00feessari grein m\u00e1 finna \u00ed eftirfarandi b\u00f3kum:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n