{"id":3239,"date":"2023-11-20T10:34:17","date_gmt":"2023-11-20T10:34:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/?p=3239"},"modified":"2023-11-20T10:36:29","modified_gmt":"2023-11-20T10:36:29","slug":"salumessa-um-spillinguna","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/?p=3239","title":{"rendered":"S\u00c1LUMESSA UM SPILLINGUNA"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u201e\u00c9g er b\u00fainn a\u00f0 fylgjast me\u00f0 \u00feessu \u00ed 50 \u00e1r. \u00deetta er \u00f3ge\u00f0slegt \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lag. \u00deetta er allt \u00f3ge\u00f0slegt. \u00dea\u00f0 eru engin prinsipp, \u00fea\u00f0 eru engar hugsj\u00f3nir, \u00fea\u00f0 er ekki neitt. \u00dea\u00f0 er bara t\u00e6kif\u00e6rismennska, valdabar\u00e1tta\u201c.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(\u00dar sk\u00fdrslu Styrmis Gunnarssonar, ritstj\u00f3ra Morgunbla\u00f0sins fyrir Ranns\u00f3knarnefnd Al\u00feingis, 1. okt., 2 009)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00deorvaldur Logason:<\/strong> EIMREI\u00d0AREL\u00cdTAN \u2013 SPILLINGARSAGA, 464 BLS.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1979 gaf Kjartan Gunnarsson \u00fat l\u00edti\u00f0 rit, sem nefndist: Uppreisn frj\u00e1lshyggjunnar.<\/em> \u00deetta\u00a0 var eins konar stefnuskr\u00e1. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00e1tti a\u00f0 r\u00edsa upp gegn b\u00f6li r\u00edkisforsj\u00e1rinnar. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00e1tti a\u00f0 leysa \u00far l\u00e6\u00f0ingi atorku og framtak einstaklingsins. \u00deeir sem a\u00f0 baki st\u00f3\u00f0u, eru \u00feekktir undir nafninu Eimrei\u00f0arh\u00f3purinn, <\/em>\u00a0eftir t\u00edmariti sem \u00feeir g\u00e1fu \u00fat \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1972-75.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n

N\u00fa \u2013 t\u00e6plega h\u00e1lfri \u00f6ld s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u2013 b\u00faum vi\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi, sem \u00feeir hafa m\u00f3ta\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum fremur. \u00cd spilltu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi. Eins og Styrmir Gunnarsson l\u00fdsir \u00fev\u00ed. \u00dear sem p\u00f3lit\u00edskt vald er misnota\u00f0 til  au\u00f0s\u00f6fnunar f\u00e1mennrar el\u00edtu. A\u00f0allega fyrir tilverkna\u00f0 Sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isflokksins.  \u00cd b\u00f3k sinni Uppreisnarmenn frj\u00e1lshyggjunnar (2017<\/em>) segir Styrmir \u201ea\u00f0 \u00f3j\u00f6fn eignaskipting \u00e1 \u00cdslandi s\u00e9 s\u00fa \u00feri\u00f0ja mesta \u00ed heiminum…\u201c   (Credit Suisse 2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E<\/strong>L\u00cdTAN<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u00deessi b\u00f3k \u00deorvalds Logasonar \u00e1 a\u00f0 segja \u00feessa s\u00f6gu. H\u00fan byrja\u00f0i sem meistarapr\u00f3fsritger\u00f0 vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar ranns\u00f3knarsk\u00fdrslu Al\u00feingis um Hruni\u00f0 2010. \u00de\u00f3tt ranns\u00f3knarsk\u00fdrsla Al\u00feingis s\u00e9, a\u00f0 mati \u00deorvalds, ver\u00f0m\u00e6t heimild um sta\u00f0reyndir um gang m\u00e1la \u00ed a\u00f0draganda Hrunsins, er henni ab\u00f3tavant a\u00f0 einu leyti:  H\u00fan vanmeti spillinguna<\/em>. \u00deorvaldur vill b\u00e6ta \u00far \u00fev\u00ed. B\u00f3k hans er eins konar s\u00e9r\u00edslenskt framlag til f\u00e9lagsfr\u00e6\u00f0i spillingarinnar<\/em>: \u00dea\u00f0 var spillingin, sem olli Hruninu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eElita er valdakjarni sem st\u00fdrir sm\u00e1u e\u00f0a st\u00f3ru samf\u00e9lagi \u00f3formlega  eftir eigin \u00e1formum, \u00fevert \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnskipun og formlegt valdsumbo\u00f0. \u00c1kvar\u00f0anir el\u00edtunnar eru leynilegar, hvergi skr\u00e1\u00f0ar, \u00f3lj\u00f3st r\u00e6ddar og ekki \u00ed umbo\u00f0i neins nema el\u00edtunnar sj\u00e1lfrar<\/em>\u201c (bls. 19).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00f0 greinum fimm valdsvi\u00f0: \u00der\u00edskipt r\u00edkisvald (l\u00f6ggjafarvald, framkv\u00e6mdavald og d\u00f3msvald). En s\u00ed\u00f0an b\u00e6ta fr\u00e6\u00f0in vi\u00f0 fj\u00e1rhagsvaldi, \u00feekkingarvaldi og hervaldi. Hervald \u00e1 ekki vi\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, a.m.k. enn sem komi\u00f0 er. \u00deekkingarvaldi\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last menn \u00ed krafti yfirr\u00e1\u00f0a yfir fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0lum, h\u00e1sk\u00f3lum og hugveitum. \u00cd framhaldi af \u00feessari greiningu segir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eA\u00f0eins einu stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1laafli hefur tekist a\u00f0 n\u00e1 sterkum t\u00f6kum \u00e1 \u00feessum valdssvi\u00f0um \u00f6llum \u00e1 \u00cdslandi s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1ratugi, og \u00ed raun hefur ekkert anna\u00f0 afl veri\u00f0 n\u00e1l\u00e6gt \u00fev\u00ed. A\u00f0eins valdaflokkur \u00cdslands, Sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isflokkurinn,  hefur n\u00e1\u00f0 sl\u00edkri st\u00f6\u00f0u…<\/em> (bls. 19).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hinir flokkarnir standast engan samanbur\u00f0. \u00de\u00f3 tekur steininn \u00far, a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er var\u00f0ar Vinstri  – gr\u00e6n. \u00deau vir\u00f0ast halda, a\u00f0 p\u00f3lit\u00edk s\u00e9 einhvers konar samkv\u00e6misleikur e\u00f0a saumakl\u00fabbur, sem ekkert mark er \u00e1 takandi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EIMREI\u00d0ARH\u00d3PURINN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 er kynntur til s\u00f6gunnar \u00e1 bls. 43 sem \u201e\u00e1n efa fr\u00e6gasti og valdamesti valdakjarni<\/em> \u00cdslandss\u00f6gunnar eftir fullveldi\u201c.<\/em> \u00deetta eru 16 einstaklingar, flestir l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar fr\u00e1 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands, alla vega \u00feeir sem mest hefur kve\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0. Athygli vekur, a\u00f0 margir \u00feeirra voru f\u00f3stra\u00f0ir \u00e1 flokksbla\u00f0inu \u2013 Morgunbla\u00f0inu  – vi\u00f0 p\u00f3lit\u00edsk \u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0ursst\u00f6rf,  \u00fe.\u00e1.m. Bj\u00f6rn Bjarnason, me\u00f0ritstj\u00f3ri og s\u00ed\u00f0ar r\u00e1\u00f0herra.  \u00der\u00edr \u00feeirra ur\u00f0u formenn  Sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isflokksins og \u00fear me\u00f0 fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0herrar l\u00fd\u00f0veldisins 17 \u00e1r fyrir Hrun.  \u00cd \u00feessum h\u00f3pi er einnig a\u00f0 finna helsta hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0ing frj\u00e1lshyggjunnar vi\u00f0 H\u00cd (Hannes H\u00f3lmstein Gissurarson) og framkv\u00e6mdastj\u00f3ra Sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isflokksins til 26 \u00e1ra og h\u00e6gri h\u00f6nd Dav\u00ed\u00f0s (Kjartan Gunnarsson).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kjartan er sag\u00f0ur vera tengili\u00f0ur  flokks og fj\u00e1rm\u00e1laheims sem varaforma\u00f0ur bankar\u00e1\u00f0s Landsbankans, b\u00e6\u00f0i fyrir og eftir einkav\u00e6\u00f0ingu. \u00dearna er l\u00edka a\u00f0 finna lykilmenn \u00ed stj\u00f3rn helstu einkav\u00e6ddu r\u00edkisfyrirt\u00e6kjanna, eins og t.d. Brynj\u00f3lf Bjarnason (sem kenndur er vi\u00f0 Granda og Lands\u00edmann) og Magn\u00fas Gunnarsson (m.a. stj\u00f3rnarforma\u00f0ur Eimskips og \u00der\u00f3unarf\u00e9lags Keflav\u00edkurflugvallar eftir brottf\u00f6r hersins). Sumir hafa, a\u00f0 s\u00f6gn,  helzt \u00far lestinni \u00e1 seinni \u00e1rum, svo sem eins og \u00deorsteinn P\u00e1lsson, sem n\u00fa telst vera einn helsti  hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0ingur Vi\u00f0reisnar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00deessum h\u00f3pi og fylgifiskum \u00feeirra \u00ed fj\u00e1rm\u00e1laheiminum  og stj\u00f3rnunarst\u00f6\u00f0um \u00ed samt\u00f6kum atvinnurekenda er n\u00e1nar l\u00fdst (bls. 42-49). Hvernig Eimrei\u00f0arh\u00f3purinn tengist s\u00ed\u00f0an lykilfyrirt\u00e6kjum gamla Kolkrabbans (t.d. Eimskip, Sj\u00f3v\u00e1, Fluglei\u00f0ir, \u00cdslandsbanki o.s. frv.) og hinu r\u00f3tgr\u00f3na \u00e6ttaveldi flokksins ( Thorsurum, H.Ben. -\u00e6ttinni, Engeyjar\u00e6ttinni og n\u00fa loks Vestmannaeyja\u00e6ttinni) er n\u00e1nar l\u00fdst \u00e1 bls. 70-76.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

KAFB\u00c1TURINN?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Til a\u00f0 gera langa s\u00f6gu stutta fylgir h\u00e9r l\u00fdsing h\u00f6fundar \u00e1 lykilmanni Eimrei\u00f0arh\u00f3psins, a\u00f0 s\u00f6gn \u00deorvalds,  \u00ed kaflanum \u201eKafb\u00e1turinn \u00ed Landsbankanum (bls. 337):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eEf nefna m\u00e6tti einn mann, sem helsta \u00fatr\u00e1sarv\u00edking \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar, \u00fe\u00e1 v\u00e6ri \u00fea\u00f0 Kjartan Gunnarsson.  Vi\u00f0skiptap\u00f3lit\u00edkusinn sem breytti Landsbankanum \u00ed fj\u00e1rfestingabanka, stofna\u00f0i aflandseyja\u00fej\u00f3nustu og keypti \u00fatr\u00e1sarbanka \u00ed Bretlandi. Kjartan bj\u00f3 til flugbrautina til Tortola, me\u00f0an bankinn var a\u00f0 miklum meirihluta  \u00ed eigu r\u00edkisins. Landsbankinn kynnti fyrir au\u00f0m\u00f6nnum strax 1998 \u00fatl\u00e1n \u00e1n stimpilgjalds, undanvik fr\u00e1 fj\u00e1rmagnstekjuskatti og fullkomna bankaleynd, sem veitti m\u00f6guleika til a\u00f0 skuldf\u00e6ra pers\u00f3nuleg \u00fatgj\u00f6ld og l\u00e6kka uppgefnar tekjur (Fr\u00e9ttabla\u00f0i\u00f0, 2016, 11.feb.). \u00c1 sama t\u00edma ger\u00f0i r\u00edkisstsj\u00f3rn Dav\u00ed\u00f0s \u00fea\u00f0 hagst\u00e6\u00f0ara a\u00f0 flytja f\u00e9 \u00far landi. Seta Kjartans \u00ed endursko\u00f0unarnefnd Landsbankans og samt\u00edmis \u00ed stj\u00f3rn Heritable Bank<\/em> segir allt, sem segja \u00fearf um \u00fatr\u00e1s bankans. Hann var yfirumsj\u00f3narma\u00f0ur  falsa\u00f0a b\u00f3khaldsins og haf\u00f0i samt\u00edmis yfirumsj\u00f3n me\u00f0 Icesave-\u00fatl\u00e1nunum\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201e Ef velja hef\u00f0i \u00e1tt einn \u2013 og a\u00f0eins einn mann  –  til yfirheyrslu um orsakir og a\u00f0draganda Hrunsins, hef\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1tt a\u00f0 vera Kjartan Gunnarsson, en hann, \u00f3tr\u00falegt en satt, var aldrei yfirheyr\u00f0ur, hvorki af Ranns\u00f3knarnefnd Al\u00feingis  n\u00e9  af Landsd\u00f3mi\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TV\u00c6R \u00deJ\u00d3\u00d0IR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cd ranns\u00f3knarsk\u00fdrslu Al\u00feingis um Hruni\u00f0 segir \u00e1 einum sta\u00f0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201e\u00dea\u00f0 er ver\u00f0ugt ranns\u00f3knarefni a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a, hvernig \u00fea\u00f0 ger\u00f0ist \u00ed l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isr\u00edkinu \u00cdslandi, a\u00f0 efnahagslegt vald safna\u00f0ist \u00e1 f\u00e1rra manna hendur, \u00feannig a\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00f6rf\u00e1um \u00e1rum upp \u00far aldam\u00f3tunum 2000 var\u00f0 til n\u00fd forr\u00e9ttindast\u00e9tt, sem lif\u00f0i  vi\u00f0 meiri muna\u00f0 en \u00feekkst hefur h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi\u201c. ( <\/em>RNA, 2010, 8. bindi, bls. 82)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00deetta var\u00f0 Styrmi Gunnarssyni, fyrrverandi ritstj\u00f3ra Mbl., tilefni til a\u00f0 tala um, a\u00f0 \u00ed upphafi n\u00fdrrar aldar, 21stu aldarinnar, byggju tv\u00e6r \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir<\/em> \u00ed landinu: Annars vegar n\u00fd st\u00e9tt ofurr\u00edkra og hins vegar undirst\u00e9tt, sem byggi vi\u00f0 f\u00e1t\u00e6kt og f\u00e9lagslegt \u00f6ryggisleysi, mitt \u00ed allsn\u00e6gtunum (sj\u00e1 Uppreisnarmenn frj\u00e1lshyggjunnar<\/em>, bls. 121). \u00deetta gerist \u00e1 sama t\u00edma og \u00cdsland er komi\u00f0 \u00ed h\u00f3p 10 r\u00edkustu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a heims. Hva\u00f0 veldur? Hva\u00f0 var\u00f0 af velfer\u00f0arr\u00edkinu, sem vi\u00f0 \u00feykjumst s\u00e6kjast eftir a\u00f0 norr\u00e6nni fyrirmynd? Er \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed svelti eftir sl\u00edmusetu Sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isflokksins \u00ed fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneytinu og stj\u00f3rnarforystu \u00ed 17\u00e1r fyrir Hrun? Ein af kennisetningum  n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjunnar er j\u00fa \u201eto starve the beast<\/em>\u201c, – a\u00f0 svelta skr\u00edmsli\u00f0, \u00fe.e.a.s. velfer\u00f0arr\u00edki\u00f0. Hvernig hefur \u00feetta geta\u00f0 gerst? Er \u00fea\u00f0 me\u00f0 vitund og vilja \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EINKAV\u00c6\u00d0ING AU\u00d0LINDANNA……<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tvennt skiptir h\u00e9r h\u00f6fu\u00f0m\u00e1li: Einkav\u00e6\u00f0ing sj\u00e1varau\u00f0lindarinnar og einkavinav\u00e6\u00f0ing bankanna. Sam\u00fej\u00f6ppun au\u00f0s og valds \u00ed h\u00f6ndum f\u00e1einna fj\u00f6lskyldna. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir \u00f3tv\u00edr\u00e6tt \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i  laga um sameign \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar \u00e1 sj\u00e1varau\u00f0lindinni er framkv\u00e6mdin \u00ed reynd, eins og um l\u00f6gvernda\u00f0an eignar\u00e9tt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a.  Vei\u00f0iheimildir ganga kaupum og s\u00f6lum, og almannaeign er b\u00e6\u00f0i ve\u00f0sett og arfleidd. Hvers vegna var framsal vei\u00f0iheimilda leyft ( af vinstri stj\u00f3rninni 1990), \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 au\u00f0lindagjald v\u00e6ri teki\u00f0 fyrir t\u00edmabundinn n\u00fdtingarr\u00e9tt?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fyrir \u00fev\u00ed var s\u00fa einfalda \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 haf\u00f0i engin au\u00f0lindarenta myndast \u00e1 \u00feeim t\u00edma til a\u00f0 standa undir gjaldt\u00f6ku. \u00devert \u00e1 m\u00f3ti: Vi\u00f0 vorum \u00ed lengstu kreppu \u00e1 l\u00fd\u00f0veldist\u00edmanum, hagv\u00f6xtur  var neikv\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00e1r eftir \u00e1r. \u00dea\u00f0 var samdr\u00e1ttur \u00ed afla. \u00dea\u00f0 voru versnandi vi\u00f0skiptakj\u00f6r. Sj\u00e1var\u00fatvegsfyrirt\u00e6kin voru sokkin \u00ed skuldir eftir langvarandi fj\u00e1rfestingafyllir\u00ed. Me\u00f0 \u00feessum r\u00f6kum h\u00f6fnu\u00f0u Frams\u00f3kn og Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubandalag till\u00f6gum okkar jafna\u00f0armanna um a\u00f0 l\u00f6gfesta gjaldt\u00f6ku, sem \u00feeir s\u00f6g\u00f0u (ranglega), a\u00f0 yr\u00f0i skattur \u00e1 landsbygg\u00f0ina. \u00dea\u00f0 yr\u00f0i a\u00f0 b\u00ed\u00f0a betri t\u00edma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hvernig brug\u00f0umst vi\u00f0 jafna\u00f0armenn vi\u00f0 \u00feessu? Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 semja um vi\u00f0b\u00f3t vi\u00f0 fyrstu grein fiskvei\u00f0istj\u00f3rnarlaga  sem skilyr\u00f0i fyrir sam\u00feykkt framsals. H\u00fan hlj\u00f3\u00f0ar svo: \u201e\u00dathlutun vei\u00f0iheimilda skv. l\u00f6gum \u00feessum myndar ekki eignarr\u00e9tt e\u00f0a \u00f3afturkallanlegt forr\u00e6\u00f0i einstakra a\u00f0ila yfir vei\u00f0iheimildum.\u201c Fyrirvaranum var \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 tryggja, a\u00f0 t\u00edmabundinn n\u00fdtingarr\u00e9ttur mynda\u00f0i hvorki l\u00f6gvarinn eignarr\u00e9tt n\u00e9 b\u00f3taskyldu \u00e1 r\u00edki\u00f0, ef \u00fathlutun vei\u00f0iheimilda yr\u00f0i breytt s\u00ed\u00f0ar. \u00c1n \u00feessa fyrirvara v\u00e6ri str\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0 um eignarhald \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar <\/em>\u00e1 sj\u00e1varau\u00f0lindinni \u00feegar tapa\u00f0. Spurningin er: Mun \u00fea\u00f0 halda \u2013 \u00feegar \u00e1 reynir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed kom, \u00feegar n\u00e6r dr\u00f3 aldam\u00f3tunum 2000. S\u00ed\u00f0an \u00fe\u00e1 hefur einokun vei\u00f0iheimilda mynda\u00f0 au\u00f0lindarentu umfram \u00f6ll rekstrar\u00fatgj\u00f6ld, svo nemur tugum milljar\u00f0a \u00e1 \u00e1ri. \u00deeir sem s\u00ed\u00f0an hafa fari\u00f0 me\u00f0 sj\u00e1var\u00fatvegsm\u00e1l hafa l\u00e1ti\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 vi\u00f0gangast, a\u00f0 \u00e1l\u00f6g\u00f0 vei\u00f0ileyfagj\u00f6ld hafa ekki duga\u00f0 fyrir \u00fatgj\u00f6ldum r\u00edkisins vegna sj\u00e1var\u00fatvegsins. Au\u00f0lindarentan  hefur runni\u00f0 \u00f3skipt allan t\u00edmann til hinnar n\u00fdju forr\u00e9ttindast\u00e9ttar \u00ed skj\u00f3li p\u00f3lit\u00edsks valds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e6ri \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0hagsstofnun enn\u00fe\u00e1 til ,v\u00e6ri \u00fea\u00f0 reglubundi\u00f0 verkefni hennar a\u00f0 reikna au\u00f0lindarentuna fr\u00e1 \u00e1ri til \u00e1rs. Lokun \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0hagsstofnunar \u00ed einhverju ge\u00f0\u00fe\u00f3ttakasti fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0herra hefur dregi\u00f0 langan dilk \u00e1 eftir s\u00e9r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

…… OG EINKAV\u00c6\u00d0ING BANKANNA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nnur meginsk\u00fdring \u00e1 umskiptum au\u00f0s og valda \u00ed okkar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 aldam\u00f3tunum var einkav\u00e6\u00f0ing r\u00edkisbankanna og fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lakerfisins \u00ed heild (r\u00e1n sparisj\u00f3\u00f0anna<\/em>) me\u00f0 alr\u00e6mdri misbeitingu p\u00f3lit\u00edsks  valds Sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0is- og Frams\u00f3knarflokks, sem a\u00f0 lokum leiddi rakleitt  til Hrunsins.Hruni\u00f0 haf\u00f0i \u00f3l\u00fdsanlega illar aflei\u00f0ingar fyrir \u00fe\u00fasundir heimila og fyrirt\u00e6kja. Eignasam\u00fej\u00f6ppunin sem s\u00ed\u00f0an hefur \u00e1tt s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 eftir Hrun, m.a. fyrir tilverkna\u00f0 Se\u00f0labankans,  \u00e1 s\u00e9r ekki sinn l\u00edka \u00ed \u00cdslandss\u00f6gunni, nema ef vera skyldi \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar fars\u00f3tta og n\u00e1tt\u00faruhamfara.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00de\u00f3tt einkav\u00e6\u00f0ing l\u00edtilla og me\u00f0alst\u00f3rra r\u00edkisfyrit\u00e6kja, einkum til starfsmanna, (d\u00e6mi: Fer\u00f0askrifstofa r\u00edkisins, Bifrei\u00f0asko\u00f0un, R\u00edkisprent .o.s.frv.) hafi veri\u00f0 e\u00f0lileg og a\u00f0 henni sta\u00f0i\u00f0 l\u00f6gum og reglum samkv\u00e6mt, vitum vi\u00f0 n\u00fa, a\u00f0 fenginni reynslu, a\u00f0 Sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isflokknum er ekki treystandi fyrir framkv\u00e6mdinni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AFHJ\u00daPUN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hruni\u00f0 afhj\u00fapa\u00f0i endanlega go\u00f0s\u00f6gnina um Sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isflokkinn. Hann er ekki, \u00feegar \u00e1 reynir, flokkur frj\u00e1lsrar samkeppni, n\u00e9 hinna j\u00f6fnu t\u00e6kif\u00e6ra. Hann hefur reynst vera flokkur au\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0is og f\u00e1keppni, sem gengur  hva\u00f0 eftir anna\u00f0 \u00ed berh\u00f6gg vi\u00f0 vilja og hagsmuni almennings. Hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i Komm\u00fanismans er fyrir l\u00f6ngu komin \u00e1 \u00f6skuhauga s\u00f6gunnar. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00feurfti st\u00e6rsta bj\u00f6rgunarlei\u00f0angur r\u00edkisins, sem sagan kann fr\u00e1 a\u00f0 greina, til a\u00f0 for\u00f0a hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjunnar fr\u00e1 s\u00f6mu \u00f6rl\u00f6gum vi\u00f0 Hruni\u00f0. H\u00fan t\u00f3rir n\u00fa \u00ed gj\u00f6rg\u00e6slu um sinn. En yfirvofandi loftslagsv\u00e1, allsherjar orkuskipti og forr\u00e6\u00f0i yfir gervigreind komandi t\u00edma, kalla \u00e1 \u00edhlutun og eftirlit r\u00edkisins, \u00ed nafni l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0is og mannr\u00e9ttinda, sem aldrei fyrr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c9g hef \u00e1\u00f0ur rifja\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 upp, a\u00f0 EES-samningurinn, um a\u00f0ild \u00cdslands a\u00f0 innri marka\u00f0i Evr\u00f3pusambandsins, var efnislega fullb\u00fainn \u00ed vinstri stj\u00f3rn Steingr\u00edms Hermannssonar (1988-91). \u00c1 lei\u00f0togafundi EFTA \u00ed Holmenkollen \u2013 sk\u00ed\u00f0aparad\u00eds Nor\u00f0manna \u2013 \u00ed mars 1989, haf\u00f0i okkur Steingr\u00edmi l\u00e1nast a\u00f0 f\u00e1 lei\u00f0toga hinna EFTA-r\u00edkjanna \u2013 Nor\u00f0urlanda og Alpar\u00edkja –  til a\u00f0 fallast \u00e1 fr\u00edverslun me\u00f0 sj\u00e1varafur\u00f0ir. Og a\u00f0 gera fr\u00edverslun me\u00f0 sj\u00e1varafur\u00f0ir  a\u00f0 sameiginlegu samningsmarkmi\u00f0i  EFTA-r\u00edkjanna. \u00dear me\u00f0 var  fiskvei\u00f0ip\u00f3lit\u00edk ESB um a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 au\u00f0lindum fyrir a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 marka\u00f0i, hafna\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 gj\u00f6rbreytti samningsst\u00f6\u00f0u okkar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EES- D\u00ddRU VER\u00d0I KEYPT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 EES-samningurinn reyndist marka t\u00edmam\u00f3t. \u00cd fyrsta lagi fengum vi\u00f0 n\u00e6r hindrunarlausan a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 st\u00e6rsta fr\u00edverslunarmarka\u00f0i heims fyrir okkar \u00fatflutning. \u00cd \u00f6\u00f0ru lagi var sj\u00e1lf tilvistarspurningin um a\u00f0ild \u00cdslands a\u00f0 Evr\u00f3pusambandinu ekki jafna\u00f0kallandi og \u00e1\u00f0ur, og sundra\u00f0i \u00fev\u00ed ekki \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0inni. \u00cd \u00feri\u00f0ja lagi batt \u00e9g  vonir vi\u00f0, a\u00f0 l\u00f6g og reglur innri marka\u00f0arins myndu hj\u00e1lpa okkur til a\u00f0 binda endi \u00e1 hef\u00f0bundna einokun og f\u00e1keppni okkar \u00f6rsm\u00e1a marka\u00f0ar. \u00cd fj\u00f3r\u00f0a lagi mundi a\u00f0ild a\u00f0 innri marka\u00f0num opna dyr a\u00f0 erlendri fj\u00e1rfestingu, sem g\u00e6ti auki\u00f0 fj\u00f6lbreytni \u00ed \u00edslensku efnahagsl\u00edfi (uppl\u00fdsingat\u00e6kni, lyfjaframlei\u00f0sla o.s.frv.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Loks batt \u00e9g miklar vonir vi\u00f0, a\u00f0 me\u00f0 a\u00f0ild a\u00f0 innri  marka\u00f0num g\u00e6tum vi\u00f0 la\u00f0a\u00f0 erlenda banka til a\u00f0 veita innlendu fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lakerfi  nau\u00f0synlega samkeppni. Alla vega \u00fe\u00f3ttist \u00e9g \u00feess fullviss,  a\u00f0 samningurinn \u00fe\u00fdddi n\u00fdtt gr\u00f3skuskei\u00f0, svo a\u00f0 lengsta kreppa l\u00fd\u00f0veldist\u00edmans yr\u00f0i a\u00f0 baki.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6RLAGAR\u00cdK MIST\u00d6K<\/strong>?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sumt gekk eftir \u2013 anna\u00f0 ekki. \u00de.\u00e1.m. a\u00f0 f\u00e1keppni  bankanna h\u00e9lt velli \u2013 ver\u00f0trygg\u00f0 \u00e1 ofurv\u00f6xtum. Og svo hitt: Samstarfsflokkar m\u00ednir –  Frams\u00f3kn og Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubandalag \u2013 f\u00f3ru hamf\u00f6rum gegn samningnum  – og \u00fathr\u00f3pu\u00f0u mig og minn flokk n\u00e1nast sem landr\u00e1\u00f0amenn. Vinstri stj\u00f3rnin \u2013 best manna\u00f0a r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rn l\u00fd\u00f0veldist\u00edmans \u2013 haf\u00f0i me\u00f0 fagmannlegri hagstj\u00f3rn komi\u00f0 eil\u00edf\u00f0arver\u00f0b\u00f3lgunni ni\u00f0ur \u00ed eins stafs t\u00f6lu \u2013 h\u00e9lt velli . A\u00f0 fenginni g\u00f3\u00f0ri  reynslu vildi \u00e9g halda henni \u00e1fram.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En \u00e9g vildi ekki f\u00f3rna EES-samningnum \u2013 jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feeir by\u00f0u m\u00e9r st\u00f3l fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0herra. \u00c9g treysti \u00fev\u00ed ekki, a\u00f0 lokinni r\u00e6kilegri k\u00f6nnun , a\u00f0 \u00feessir tveir flokkar g\u00e6tu tryggt EES-samningnum brautargengi \u00e1 \u00feingi \u2013 me\u00f0 eins atkv\u00e6\u00f0is meirihluta. \u00cd \u00e6vis\u00f6gu sinni  er Steingr\u00edmur Hermannsson samm\u00e1la \u00feessu mati m\u00ednu (sj\u00e1 bls. 347).  \u00dear  vi\u00f0urkennir Steingr\u00edmur, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 mist\u00f6k af hans h\u00e1lfu a\u00f0 setja andst\u00f6\u00f0u vi\u00f0 Evr\u00f3pusambandi\u00f0 \u00e1 oddinn (sj\u00e1 bls. 345). \u00dea\u00f0 va r m\u00e1linu \u00f3vi\u00f0komandi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00deetta voru \u00f6rlagar\u00edk mist\u00f6k. Kannski skiptu \u00feau sk\u00f6pum.  \u00c9g l\u00e6t lesandanum eftir a\u00f0 hugsa \u00fea\u00f0 til enda, hva\u00f0 ef…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u00d0 LOKUM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

dregur \u00deorvaldur saman helstu ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur s\u00ednar af \u00feessari  f\u00e9lagsfr\u00e6\u00f0iranns\u00f3kn spillingarinnar <\/em>. \u00dea\u00f0 er lj\u00f3st, a\u00f0 hann hefur komist yfir \u00fdmsar heimildir, \u00e1\u00f0ur \u00f3kunnar, eins og t.d. fundarger\u00f0ir bankar\u00e1\u00f0s Landsbankans. Kaflinn heitir: Afhj\u00fapun: el\u00edtan vissi allt (sj\u00e1 bls.392).<\/em> \u00dear segir me\u00f0al annars:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bankakerfi\u00f0 var a\u00f0 hruni komi\u00f0 \u2013 vandinn var ekki bara lausafj\u00e1rvandi heldur eiginfj\u00e1rvandi<\/em>. Eigi\u00f0 f\u00e9 bankanna var allt \u00ed skuld. Innl\u00e1nas\u00f3knin (Icesafe) \u00ed Bretlandi og Hollandi var ger\u00f0 \u00fat \u00e1 t\u00f3man tryggingarsj\u00f3\u00f0. Svikin gagnvart Se\u00f0labanka Evr\u00f3pu (\u00e1starbr\u00e9fin) g\u00e1fu ranga mynd af st\u00f6\u00f0u bankanna. Sama \u00e1 vi\u00f0 um \u00e1starbr\u00e9f Se\u00f0labanka \u00cdslands til bankanna. B\u00f3khaldsblekkingar bankanna birtast m.a. \u00ed  rangri f\u00e6rslu ve\u00f0a \u00e1 eigin hlutabr\u00e9fum. Kaup bankanna \u00e1 eigin hlutabr\u00e9fum f\u00f6lsu\u00f0u myndina. Bankarnir f\u00f3ru \u00ed herfer\u00f0 til a\u00f0 r\u00fasta kr\u00f3nunni. Stofnfj\u00e1rkaupin \u00ed sparisj\u00f3\u00f0akerfinu snerist alfari\u00f0 um  a\u00f0 t\u00e6ma varasj\u00f3\u00f0ina. Se\u00f0labankann skorti ekki valdheimildir til a\u00f0 s\u00e6kja uppl\u00fdsingar um b\u00f3khald  bankanna. Landsbankinn veitti umfangsmikil l\u00e1n til eigenda sinna (og annarra vensla\u00f0ra a\u00f0ila), langt umfram si\u00f0lega bankastarfsemi. Landsbankinn afskrifa\u00f0i ekki l\u00e1n, sem voru leynilega \u00ed vanskilum (e. non- performing loans<\/em>) B\u00f3khaldi\u00f0 var \u201e\u00fdkt og falsa\u00f0\u201c til a\u00f0 \u201et\u00e9kka upp\u201c eigi\u00f0 f\u00e9. Skuldsettar yfirt\u00f6kur voru fj\u00e1rmagna\u00f0ar me\u00f0 vafasamri  skuldabr\u00e9fa\u00fatg\u00e1fu eignarhaldsf\u00e9laga, me\u00f0 ve\u00f0i \u00ed eigin hlutabr\u00e9fum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Listinn er sag\u00f0ur ekki t\u00e6mandi.  Loka\u00e1lyktunin er \u00feessi: El\u00edtan vissi \u201chvernig allt kerfi\u00f0 var<\/em> samans\u00farra\u00f0 og hlaut a\u00f0 falla, ef einn bankinn f\u00e9lli……\u201c<\/em> (bls. 393).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EKKI SLYS \u2013 HELDUR STEFNA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u00f0 hylma yfir og taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed fj\u00e1rsvikum\u00a0 gagnvart Se\u00f0labanka Evr\u00f3pu og Luxemborg. A\u00f0 leyfa innl\u00e1nasafnanir \u00ed \u00fatib\u00faum<\/em> \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir yfirvofandi gjald\u00ferot.\u00a0 A\u00f0 leyfa \u00f3l\u00f6gleg gengisl\u00e1n. \u00a0A\u00f0 leyfa b\u00f6nkunum a\u00f0 f\u00e6ra risal\u00e1n eigenda bankanna og \u00edslenskra st\u00f3rfyrirt\u00e6kja heim til banka<\/em> og sj\u00f3\u00f0a<\/em> \u00ed\u00a0 \u00feeirra umsj\u00e1.\u00a0 A\u00f0 leyfa fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lafyrirt\u00e6kjum a\u00f0 l\u00e1na eigendum s\u00ednum langt umfram<\/em> l\u00f6g<\/em>. A\u00f0 fela krosseignatengsl.\u00a0 A\u00f0 hylma yfir st\u00f3rar \u00e1h\u00e6ttuskuldbindingar til tengdra a\u00f0ila. A\u00f0 leyfa gjald\u00ferota b\u00f6nkum a\u00f0 hafa f\u00e9 af l\u00edfeyrissj\u00f3\u00f0um<\/em> me\u00f0 skuldabr\u00e9fa\u00fatg\u00e1fu. A\u00f0 hylma yfir me\u00f0 f\u00f6lsun b\u00f3khaldsins<\/em>. A\u00f0 leyfa n\u00fdja, breytta b\u00f3khaldsa\u00f0fer\u00f0, til a\u00f0 minnka v\u00e6gi marka\u00f0sver\u00f0s. A\u00f0 horfa framhj\u00e1 kaupum \u00e1 eigin br\u00e9fum\u00a0 langt umfram \u00a0lagaheimildir.<\/em> A\u00f0 leyfa \u00f6fgafull vaxtamunarvi\u00f0skipti og framvirka gjaldeyrissamninga, um lei\u00f0 og bankarnir voru a\u00f0 r\u00fasta kr\u00f3nunni<\/em>. A\u00f0 leggja ni\u00f0ur emb\u00e6tti skattranns\u00f3knarstj\u00f3ra og halda fj\u00e1rm\u00e1leftirlitinu veiku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hva\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir \u00feetta \u00e1 m\u00e6ltu m\u00e1li? M.a. a\u00f0 Hruni\u00f0 var ekki slys<\/em>. \u00dea\u00f0 var ekki mist\u00f6k<\/em>. \u00dea\u00f0 var aflei\u00f0ing yfirl\u00fdstrar stefnu. H\u00fan heitir n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggja.  Samkv\u00e6mt henni  er r\u00edki\u00f0 aldrei hluti af lausninni \u2013 \u00fea\u00f0 er sj\u00e1lft vandam\u00e1li\u00f0. Hruni\u00f0 var aflei\u00f0ing af \u201euppreisn n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggjunnar\u201c gegn velfer\u00f0arr\u00edkinu, sem Eimrei\u00f0arh\u00f3purinn bo\u00f0a\u00f0i  \u00ed upphafi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Og  vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum ekki s\u00e9\u00f0 fyrir endann \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed str\u00ed\u00f0i .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(H\u00f6fundur var forma\u00f0ur Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0uflokksins 1984-96. Hann var fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0herra 1987-88 og utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0herra 1988-95.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

STIKLUR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n