{"id":3249,"date":"2024-03-16T11:11:05","date_gmt":"2024-03-16T11:11:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/?p=3249"},"modified":"2024-03-19T11:12:46","modified_gmt":"2024-03-19T11:12:46","slug":"norraena-modelid-og-framtid-lydraedis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/?p=3249","title":{"rendered":"NORR\u00c6NA M\u00d3DELI\u00d0 OG FRAMT\u00cd\u00d0 L\u00dd\u00d0R\u00c6\u00d0IS"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Eftir J\u00f3n Baldvin Hannibalsson<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201e\u00dea\u00f0 sem vi\u00f0 n\u00fa erum vitni a\u00f0 er ekki bara endalok Kalda str\u00ed\u00f0sins e\u00f0a kaflaskipti \u00ed\u00a0eftir-str\u00ed\u00f0s s\u00f6gunni, heldur endalok s\u00f6gunnar sem sl\u00edkrar; \u00fe.e.a.s. endapunkturinn \u00e1 hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegri \u00fer\u00f3un mannkyns, \u00fear sem vestr\u00e6nt l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i r\u00edkir sem hi\u00f0 endanlega form mannlegra stj\u00f3rnarh\u00e1tta\u201c.<\/em>
Francis Fukuyama: End of Ideology (1991).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00deessi tilvitnun l\u00fdsir betur en flest anna\u00f0 \u00feeirri \u00fatbreiddu bjarts\u00fdni um framt\u00ed\u00f0 mannkynsins, sem r\u00edkti vi\u00f0 upplausn Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjanna og endalok Kalda str\u00ed\u00f0sins. N\u00fana \u2013 meira en 30 \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar –  hefur \u00feessi bjarts\u00fdni viki\u00f0 fyrir s\u00edvaxandi svarts\u00fdni \u2013 b\u00f6lm\u00f3\u00f0i.        Vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum s\u00edvaxandi \u00e1hyggjur af \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 sj\u00e1lft l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i Vesturlanda standi h\u00f6llum f\u00e6ti. Vi\u00f0 erum jafnvel full efasemda um, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9r eigi s\u00e9r framt\u00ed\u00f0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hvernig brug\u00f0ust Vesturl\u00f6nd vi\u00f0 hruni Sovetr\u00edkjanna \u00e1 s\u00ednum til ? Satt a\u00f0 segja voru vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0in n\u00e6sta f\u00e1lmkennd. Annars vega vildu lei\u00f0togar l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isr\u00edkjanna festa Gorbachev <\/strong>\u00edsessisem samstarfsa\u00f0ila \u00ed samningum um endalok Kalda str\u00ed\u00f0sins. Hins vegar  var Bush Bandar\u00edkjaforseta \u00fevert um ge\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0is\u00f6flum R\u00fasslans \u00ed t\u00e9 fj\u00e1rhagsa\u00f0sto\u00f0, sem \u00fe\u00f3 var forsenda<\/em> \u00feess, a\u00f0 nokkur umb\u00f3ta\u00e1\u00e6tlun skila\u00f0i \u00e1rangri. Og sjokk-\u00feerap\u00edan, sem tro\u00f0i\u00f0  var upp \u00e1 R\u00fassa leiddi af s\u00e9r eitt mesta \u00f3jafna\u00f0ar\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lag \u00ed heimi. Hinar r\u00edkulegu n\u00e1tt\u00faruau\u00f0lindir R\u00fasslands \u2013 ol\u00eda, gas og e\u00f0alm\u00e1lmar \u2013 voru seldar skj\u00f3lst\u00e6\u00f0ingum valdsins fyrir slikk. R\u00fassland samt\u00edmans er ekki bara au\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i \u2013 heldur beinl\u00ednis \u00fej\u00f3fr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/em> (e. kleptocrasy).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n

MARSHAL L\u00c1\u00c6TLUN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dea\u00f0 sem til \u00feurfti var n\u00fd Marshall\u00e1\u00e6tlun. H\u00fan hef\u00f0i \u00feurft a\u00f0 vera samb\u00e6rileg vi\u00f0 hina fr\u00e6gu Marshall\u00e1\u00e6tlun, sem Bandar\u00edkin bu\u00f0u Evr\u00f3pu til a\u00f0 reisa hana \u00far r\u00fastum Seinni heimsstyrjaldarinnar.  Yavlinsky-\u00e1\u00e6tlunin <\/em> – kennd vi\u00f0 \u00fakra\u00ednsk- \u00e6tta\u00f0an hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ing og unnin \u00ed samvinnu vi\u00f0 Harvard h\u00e1sk\u00f3la – var sl\u00edk \u00e1\u00e6tlun.  H\u00fan hef\u00f0i kosta\u00f0 ca. 150 milljar\u00f0a dala \u00e1 fimm \u00e1ra t\u00edmabili. Ekki til \u00feess a\u00f0 s\u00f6kkva sl\u00edkum fj\u00e1rmunum ni\u00f0ur \u00ed svarthol spillingarinnar, heldur til \u00feess a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri\u00f0 og hj\u00e1lpa l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0is\u00f6flum R\u00fassa til a\u00f0 festa r\u00e6tur \u00ed r\u00fassneskum jar\u00f0vegi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bush eldri Bandar\u00edkjaforseti v\u00edsa\u00f0i \u00f6llum sl\u00edkum hugmyndum \u00e1 bug. Hann var gersamlega \u00f3vi\u00f0b\u00fainn. \u00d3tv\u00edr\u00e6\u00f0 s\u00f6nnun \u00feess er \u201eKj\u00faklinga-r\u00e6\u00f0an\u201c alr\u00e6mda, sem hann flutti \u00ed Verkovna Rada (\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0\u00feingi \u00dakra\u00ednu) <\/em>\u00ed Kyiv,  <\/em>1sta \u00e1g\u00fast, \u00e1ri\u00f0 1991. <\/em>Hver var bo\u00f0skapurinn?Hann skora\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00dakra\u00ednumenn a\u00f0 \u201el\u00e1ta ekki ginnast af banv\u00e6nni \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ernishyggju, – heldur halda Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjunum saman \u00ed nafni fri\u00f0ar og st\u00f6\u00f0ugleika\u201c.<\/em> \u00deetta var \u00feremur vikum \u00e1\u00f0ur en \u00dakra\u00ednumenn l\u00fdstu yfir sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0aratkv\u00e6\u00f0agrei\u00f0slu (meira en 92 pr\u00f3sent).  Og n\u00e1nar tilteki\u00f0 145 d\u00f6gum s\u00ed\u00f0ar voru Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin ekki lengur til. \u2013 Yfirl\u00fdstri stefnu lei\u00f0toga vestr\u00e6nna l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isr\u00edkja var afdr\u00e1ttarlaust hafna\u00f0<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Var \u00fea\u00f0 ekki \u00fearna, \u00fear sem einstakt t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til a\u00f0 breyta gangi s\u00f6gunnar gekk okkur \u00far greipum? Skortur \u00e1 lei\u00f0togah\u00e6fni, inns\u00e6i, frams\u00fdni \u2013 \u201ethe vision- thing\u201c \u2013 eins og Bush or\u00f0a\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfur. Gorbachev var samstarfsf\u00fas. Me\u00f0 n\u00fdrri Marshall \u00e1\u00e6tlun til a\u00f0 kosta l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isbyltingu \u00ed R\u00fasslandi (eins og \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi og Japan eftir str\u00ed\u00f0) hef\u00f0i m\u00e1tt freista \u00feess a\u00f0 byggja upp stofnanir f\u00e9lagslegs marka\u00f0skerfis, l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0is- og r\u00e9ttarr\u00edkis \u00ed R\u00fasslandi. Hef\u00f0i okkur tekist a\u00f0 byggja upp n\u00fdtt \u201eEurasian- Atlantic \u2013 Security-System\u201c \u2013 fri\u00f0 \u00e1 okkar t\u00edmum? \u00c9g veit \u00fea\u00f0 ekki. \u00dea\u00f0 veit \u00fea\u00f0 enginn. \u00dev\u00ed a\u00f0 t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri\u00f0 gekk okkur \u00far greipum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En fyrirfram  var \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ulaust a\u00f0 \u00e6tla, a\u00f0 \u00feetta v\u00e6ri \u00f3vinnandi vegur.  Var a\u00f0fer\u00f0arfr\u00e6\u00f0in vi\u00f0 umskiptin fr\u00e1 mi\u00f0st\u00fdr\u00f0u og r\u00edkisreknu l\u00f6greglur\u00edki yfir \u00ed valddreift f\u00e9lagslegt marka\u00f0skerfi me\u00f0 \u00f6llu \u00f3\u00feekkt \u00ed hagfr\u00e6\u00f0inni? Fjarri \u00fev\u00ed. \u00deetta er kalla\u00f0 f\u00e9lagslegt marka\u00f0skerfi<\/em>, til a\u00f0greiningar fr\u00e1 \u00f3heftum kapitalisma (n\u00fdfrj\u00e1lshyggju). \u00c1 Nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndum k\u00f6llum vi\u00f0 \u00feetta \u00fdmist norr\u00e6na m\u00f3deli\u00f0 e\u00f0a \u201esocial-democracy<\/em>\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Norr\u00e6na m\u00f3deli\u00f0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cd n\u00fdlegri b\u00f3k l\u00fdsir pr\u00f3fessor Acemoglu <\/strong>vi\u00f0 MIT- h\u00e1sk\u00f3lann \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum fyrirb\u00e6rinu \u00e1 eftirfarandi h\u00e1tt: \u201e\u00deetta er \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsger\u00f0, sem t\u00f3k a\u00f0 festa r\u00e6tur \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1 Nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndum, \u00e1 20stu \u00f6ldinni, \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar heimskreppunnar.  Samkv\u00e6mt \u00feessum kokkab\u00f3kum einbeita menn s\u00e9r a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fatiloka \u00f6fgar <\/em>marka\u00f0safla, sem l\u00fata hvorki l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegri stj\u00f3rn n\u00e9 eftirliti. \u00c1hersla er l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta l\u00edfskj\u00f6r allra<\/em> \u2013 ekki s\u00edst hinna verst settu. M.\u00f6.o. stefna s\u00f3s\u00edaldem\u00f3krata felst ekki \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed \u201ea\u00f0 afnema marka\u00f0skerfi\u00f0, heldur a\u00f0 n\u00fdta kosti \u00feess, \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 vi\u00f0, \u00ed nafni almannahagsmuna og l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0is<\/em>\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u00f3fessor Acemoglu hefur eftirfarandi a\u00f0 segja um sta\u00f0festan \u00e1rangur hins f\u00e9lagslega marka\u00f0skerfis:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eSocial-democracy, \u00ed einni e\u00f0a annarrri birtingarmynd, reyndist vera forsenda almennrar hags\u00e6ldar v\u00ed\u00f0ast hvar \u00ed hinum i\u00f0nv\u00e6dda heimi eftir seinna str\u00ed\u00f0.  \u00dea\u00f0 \u00e1 l\u00edka vi\u00f0 um Bandar\u00edkin, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u201eNew Deal\u201c Roosevelts og eftirmanna hans  bygg\u00f0i \u00ed veigamiklum atri\u00f0um \u00e1 hinum s\u00f3sial-demokrat\u00edska \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagss\u00e1ttm\u00e1la: menntun, eftirlaun, innvi\u00f0ir o.fl.  sem \u00f3hagna\u00f0ardrifinni samf\u00e9lags\u00fej\u00f3nustu og r\u00e9tti st\u00e9ttarf\u00e9laga til kjarasamninga vi\u00f0 vinnuveitendur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Var lei\u00f0togum l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isaflanna \u00ed Mi\u00f0- og Austur Evr\u00f3pu og R\u00fasslandi \u00f3kunnugt um \u00feessar hugmyndir og reynsluna af \u00feeim? Vissulega ekki.  Kenningar um umskiptin fr\u00e1 mi\u00f0st\u00fdr\u00f0u r\u00edkishagkerfi til \u201ef\u00e9lagslegs marka\u00f0skerfis\u201c eftir p\u00f3lska \u00fatlagahagfr\u00e6\u00f0inginn  Oscar Lange<\/strong> eru  <\/strong>m.a.s. vel kunnar. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1961 bau\u00f0st m\u00e9r sem ungum hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ist\u00fadent a\u00f0 sl\u00e1st \u00ed h\u00f3p annarra hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ist\u00fadenta fr\u00e1 Nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndum og Bretlandseyjum \u00e1 s\u00e9rst\u00f6ku n\u00e1mskei\u00f0i, sem haldi\u00f0 var \u00ed Zakopane \u00ed Tatrafj\u00f6llum (P\u00f3llandi) um efni\u00f0: \u201eSocialist Market Economy\u201c. Me\u00f0al kennaranna var Ota Sik, <\/strong>helsti efnahagsm\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0gjafi Dubceks, <\/strong>lei\u00f0toga Vorsins \u00ed Prag 1968. Ef vori\u00f0 hef\u00f0i n\u00e1\u00f0 a\u00f0 bl\u00f3mgast, hef\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 komi\u00f0 \u00ed hans hlut a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta reyna \u00e1 kenningarnar \u00ed framkv\u00e6md.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fyrst \u00ed landb\u00fana\u00f0i, me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 leyfa \u00feeim, sem j\u00f6r\u00f0ina yrkja a\u00f0 selja afur\u00f0ir s\u00ednar \u00e1 marka\u00f0storgum borganna. N\u00e6st me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vi\u00f0urkenna og verja einkaeignarr\u00e9tt fyrirt\u00e6kja \u00e1 samkeppnism\u00f6rku\u00f0um til a\u00f0 veita nau\u00f0synlega \u00fej\u00f3nustu \u00ed framlei\u00f0slu og dreifingu. Eignarr\u00e9ttur \u00e1 n\u00e1tt\u00faruau\u00f0lindum var hins vegar skilgreindur samf\u00e9lagslegur. Og grundvallar\u00fej\u00f3nusta eins og t.d. menntun, heilsug\u00e6sla, framlei\u00f0sla og dreifing orku og almannasamg\u00f6ngur flokka\u00f0ist undir samf\u00e9lags\u00fej\u00f3nustu, sem ekki stj\u00f3rna\u00f0ist af gr\u00f3\u00f0ahyggju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u00c9LAGSLEGT MARKA\u00d0SKERFI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hva\u00f0 er \u00feetta anna\u00f0 en \u201eNorr\u00e6na m\u00f3deli\u00f0\u201c? \u00dea\u00f0 n\u00fdtur n\u00fa almennt vi\u00f0urkenningar sem l\u00edfv\u00e6nlegasta og \u00e1rangursr\u00edkasta samf\u00e9lagsger\u00f0 samt\u00edmans. A\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er var\u00f0ar umskiptin fr\u00e1 r\u00edkisreknu hagkerfi \u00ed \u00e1tt til hins f\u00e9lagslega marka\u00f0skerfis er fyrst og fremst \u00fe\u00f6rf \u00e1 fj\u00e1rhagsa\u00f0sto\u00f0 til a\u00f0 halda st\u00f6\u00f0ugu gengi og a\u00f0 hafa stj\u00f3rn \u00e1 ver\u00f0b\u00f3lgu, eftir a\u00f0 ver\u00f0lag er gefi\u00f0 frj\u00e1lst. Skattkerfi\u00f0 \u00fearf a\u00f0 fela \u00ed s\u00e9r hvata fyrir erlent fj\u00e1rmagn til fj\u00e1rfestingar og t\u00e6kniframfara. K\u00ednverjar kalla \u00feetta \u201eSocialism with Chinese-characteristics\u201c og gefa Deng Xiao Ping<\/strong> h\u00f6fundarr\u00e9ttinn. \u00dea\u00f0 hefur skila\u00f0 \u00e6vint\u00fdralegum \u00e1rangri. \u00dea\u00f0 hefur lyft hundru\u00f0um millj\u00f3na f\u00f3lks upp \u00far \u00f6rbrig\u00f0 til bjarg\u00e1lna. \u00dev\u00ed mi\u00f0ur t\u00f3kst l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingnum Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ekki a\u00f0 feta \u00ed f\u00f3tspor hans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Upplausn Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjanna var vissulega einstakt t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til a\u00f0 byggja n\u00fdtt og l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegt R\u00fassland upp \u00far r\u00fastum  stalinismans. N\u00fa vitum vi\u00f0, a\u00f0 t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri\u00f0 gekk okkur \u00far greipum. Eftir upplausn, au\u00f0m\u00fdkingu og spillingu Yeltsin- \u00e1ranna hefur R\u00fassland sn\u00fai\u00f0 aftur til fort\u00ed\u00f0ar sem valdstj\u00f3rnarr\u00edki me\u00f0 uppvakta n\u00fdlendudrauma. Og er \u00feess vegna h\u00e6ttulegt n\u00e1granna\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0um s\u00ednum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00deess vegna hefur draumurinn um sigurf\u00f6r l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isins ekki r\u00e6st.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vonirnar um sigurf\u00f6r l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0is og r\u00e9ttarr\u00edkis eftir fall Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjanna hafa ekki r\u00e6st. \u00de\u00e6r \u00e1ttu a\u00f0 hv\u00edla \u00e1 traustum undirst\u00f6\u00f0um hins f\u00e9lagslega marka\u00f0skerfis. En \u00ed sta\u00f0inn fyrir st\u00f6\u00f0ugleika h\u00f6fum vi\u00f0 sveiflast fr\u00e1 einum \u00f6fgum til annarra: fr\u00e1 langvarandi st\u00f6\u00f0nun hins mi\u00f0st\u00fdr\u00f0a r\u00edkisb\u00e1kns, sem dr\u00f3 Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin (og K\u00edna Ma\u00f3s) til dau\u00f0a, yfir \u00ed hnattv\u00e6ddan r\u00e1nyrkjukapitalisma, sem \u00fej\u00f3nar f\u00e1mennri el\u00edtu fj\u00e1rmagnseigenda og stefnir a\u00f0 \u00f3breyttu sj\u00e1lfu l\u00edfr\u00edki jar\u00f0arinnar \u00ed vo\u00f0a. Au\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lael\u00edtunnar stefnir sj\u00e1lfu l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0inu \u00ed h\u00e6ttu v\u00edtt og breitt um heiminn \u2013 l\u00edka \u00ed meintu forystur\u00edki l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isins  \u2013 Bandar\u00edkjunum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Heyrum hva\u00f0 pr\u00f3fessor Acemoglu hefur um \u00feetta a\u00f0 segja var\u00f0andi Bandar\u00edkin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eVi\u00f0 ver\u00f0um a\u00f0 for\u00f0ast \u00f6fgar hins \u00f3beisla\u00f0a marka\u00f0skerfis… vi\u00f0 \u00feurfum \u00f6flugra f\u00e9lagslegt marka\u00f0skerfi (e.social-democracy). \u00cd Bandar\u00edkjunum \u00feurfum vi\u00f0 miklu \u00f6flugra regluverk til a\u00f0 hemja stj\u00f3rnlaus marka\u00f0s\u00f6fl. Verkal\u00fd\u00f0shreyfingin ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta meira til s\u00edn taka. Vi\u00f0 \u00feurfum \u00f6flugri samf\u00e9lags\u00fej\u00f3nustu \u00e1 vegum r\u00edkisins tli a\u00f0 styrkja okkar laska\u00f0a velfer\u00f0arr\u00edki. Og vi\u00f0 \u00feurfum a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta betur almannahagsmuna gagnvart ofurvaldi hinna risasv\u00f6xnu h\u00e1t\u00e6kniau\u00f0hringa,sem eru a\u00f0 leggja undir sig heiminn\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dea\u00f0 sama \u00e1 vi\u00f0 um okkur \u00f6ll.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marka\u00f0skerfi undir l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegri stj\u00f3rn hefur \u00e1 \u00f6ldinni sem lei\u00f0 sanna\u00f0 yfirbur\u00f0i s\u00edna umfram Sov\u00e9tkomm\u00fanismann: Berum saman Vestur-\u00de\u00fdskaland og Austur-\u00de\u00fdskaland; Su\u00f0ur K\u00f3reu og Nor\u00f0ur K\u00f3reu; Taiwan og K\u00edna Maos og svo K\u00edna Dengs Shao Ping. E\u00f0a Bandar\u00edkin og Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin s\u00e1lugu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur er ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an s\u00fa, a\u00f0 \u00f3beisla\u00f0<\/em> marka\u00f0skerfi, sem l\u00fdtur ekki l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegri stj\u00f3rn, er \u00f3\u00e1s\u00e6ttanleg ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a. Sannleikurinn er s\u00e1, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 brotlenti \u00ed banka-og fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lakreppunni 2008-9. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00feurfti \u00f6flugasta bj\u00f6rgunarlei\u00f0angur s\u00f6gunnar \u00e1 vegum r\u00edkisvaldsins<\/em> til a\u00f0 for\u00f0a \u00fev\u00ed fr\u00e1 allsherjar hruni. Vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum meira a\u00f0 segja alvarlegar efasemdir um, a\u00f0 \u00f3beisla\u00f0 marka\u00f0skerfi samr\u00e6mist l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegu stj\u00f3rnarfari til lengri t\u00edma liti\u00f0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(H\u00f6fundur var fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0herra og utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0herra \u00cdslands 1987-95<\/em>)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Eftir J\u00f3n Baldvin Hannibalsson \u201e\u00dea\u00f0 sem vi\u00f0 n\u00fa erum vitni a\u00f0 er ekki bara endalok Kalda str\u00ed\u00f0sins e\u00f0a kaflaskipti \u00ed\u00a0eftir-str\u00ed\u00f0s s\u00f6gunni, heldur endalok s\u00f6gunnar sem sl\u00edkrar; \u00fe.e.a.s. endapunkturinn \u00e1 hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegri \u00fer\u00f3un mannkyns, \u00fear sem vestr\u00e6nt l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i r\u00edkir sem hi\u00f0 endanlega form mannlegra stj\u00f3rnarh\u00e1tta\u201c.Francis Fukuyama: End of Ideology (1991). \u00deessi tilvitnun l\u00fdsir betur en flest anna\u00f0 … Continue reading “NORR\u00c6NA M\u00d3DELI\u00d0 OG FRAMT\u00cd\u00d0 L\u00dd\u00d0R\u00c6\u00d0IS”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3249","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-allar_greinar","category-greinar_og_vidtol"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3249","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3249"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3249\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3251,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3249\/revisions\/3251"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3249"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3249"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3249"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}