{"id":3283,"date":"2024-08-24T07:39:06","date_gmt":"2024-08-24T07:39:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/?p=3283"},"modified":"2024-09-14T08:20:11","modified_gmt":"2024-09-14T08:20:11","slug":"spurningar-og-svor-um-evropumal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jbh.is\/?p=3283","title":{"rendered":"SPURNINGAR OG SV\u00d6R UM EVR\u00d3PUM\u00c1L"},"content":{"rendered":"

HVA\u00d0 ER EES?[i]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

EES-SAMNINGURINN var \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma ger\u00f0ur \u00e1 milli EFTA-r\u00edkjanna sex (Finnland, Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0, Noregur, \u00cdsland og Alpar\u00edkin Sviss og Austurr\u00edki, – Liechtenstein b\u00e6ttist seinna \u00ed h\u00f3pinn\u00a0 – \u00a0og Evr\u00f3pubandalagsins\/Evr\u00f3pusambandsins. Samningurinn var um a\u00f0ild EFTA-r\u00edkjanna a\u00f0 innri marka\u00f0i Evr\u00f3pusambandsins (ESB). Hann var undirrita\u00f0ur 2.ma\u00ed 1992 en gekk \u00ed gildi \u00ed \u00e1rsbyrjun 1994. Hann er \u00fev\u00ed 30 \u00e1ra \u00e1 \u00feessu \u00e1ri.<\/p>\n

H\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir er reynt a\u00f0 leggja mat \u00e1 \u00e1rangurinn, kosti og galla. Samningurinn var fr\u00e1 upphafi afar umdeildur. Umr\u00e6\u00f0ur um hann \u00e1 Al\u00feingi \u00cdslendinga t\u00f3ku lengri t\u00edma en \u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0\u00feingum hinna EFTA-r\u00edkjanna til samans. Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0uflokkurinn var eini stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1la-flokkurinn, sem beitti s\u00e9r fyrir sam\u00feykkt hans, heill og \u00f3skiptur, fr\u00e1 upphafi til enda.<\/p>\n

Samningurinn er hluti af samrunaferli Evr\u00f3pur\u00edkja eftir seinna str\u00ed\u00f0: Tilgangur samrunaferlisins var a\u00f0 fyrirbyggja str\u00ed\u00f0 \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu. Kj\u00f6ror\u00f0i\u00f0 var: Aldrei aftur! Helstu \u00e1fangarnir voru \u00feessir:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Kola- og st\u00e1lbandalagi\u00f0<\/strong> (1952). Sameiginleg yfirstj\u00f3rn vopnai\u00f0na\u00f0arins \u00e1tti a\u00f0 \u00failoka str\u00ed\u00f0.<\/li>\n
  2. R\u00f3mars\u00e1ttm\u00e1linn<\/strong> um efnahagsbandalag sex-veldanna 1957 (Frakkland, \u00de\u00fdskaland, \u00cdtal\u00eda og Benel\u00faxl\u00f6ndin).<\/li>\n
  3. Evr\u00f3pubandalagi\u00f0<\/strong> (1967 \u201393 ) og loks Evr\u00f3pusambandi\u00f0<\/strong> (1993 – ).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Stj\u00f3rnunarh\u00e6ttir ESB hafa \u00fer\u00f3ast \u00e1fram me\u00f0 grundvallars\u00e1ttm\u00e1lum sem kenndir eru vi\u00f0 Maastricht (1993), Amsterdam (1997), Nice (2001) og Lissabon (2009).[ii]<\/a> A\u00f0ildarr\u00edkin, sem voru upphaflega sex, eru n\u00fa 27 \u2013 eftir \u00fatg\u00f6ngu Breta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

    Meginm\u00e1l samningsins er \u00ed 129 greinum, \u00e1samt b\u00f3kunum og vi\u00f0aukum. Samningssvi\u00f0in n\u00e1 yfir fj\u00f3rfrelsi\u00f0, sem er kjarni m\u00e1lsins. \u00dev\u00ed til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar eru samkeppnisreglur, umhverfism\u00e1l, pers\u00f3nuvernd og neytendavernd. Auk \u00feessa tekur samningurinn til samstarfs\u00e1\u00e6tlana um ranns\u00f3knir og \u00fer\u00f3un, v\u00edsindasamstarf, menningu og menntun (t.d. Erasmus- pr\u00f3grammi\u00f0). \u00c1 samningst\u00edmanum hafa tug\u00fe\u00fasundir \u00cdslendinga teki\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed \u00feessum samstarfs\u00e1\u00e6tlunum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    FJ\u00d3RFRELSI\u00d0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      FJ\u00d3RFRELSI\u00d0  n\u00e6r til vi\u00f0skipta me\u00f0 v\u00f6rur, \u00fej\u00f3nustu, fj\u00e1rm\u00e1la\u00fej\u00f3nustu og frj\u00e1lsa f\u00f6r f\u00f3lks. \u00dear me\u00f0 tryggir samningurinn tollfrj\u00e1lsan marka\u00f0sa\u00f0gang og undan\u00fe\u00e1gu fr\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum t\u00e6knilegum vi\u00f0skiptahindrunum. Frj\u00e1ls \u00fej\u00f3nustustarfsemi gildir um t.d. samg\u00f6ngur, siglingar, fjarskipti, p\u00f3st\u00fej\u00f3nustu og net\u00f6ryggi. Fj\u00e1rmagnsflutningar eru heimilir, undir eftirliti Se\u00f0labanka. Frj\u00e1ls f\u00f6r tryggir jafnan r\u00e9tt til b\u00fasetu, atvinnu og atvinnurekstrar undir samr\u00e6mdum samkeppnisreglum. \u00de\u00e6r taka til r\u00edkisa\u00f0sto\u00f0ar, opinberra innkaupa, hugverkar\u00e9ttinda, vinnumarka\u00f0ar, umhverfis og loftslagsm\u00e1la, pers\u00f3nu \u2013 og neytendaverndar, sta\u00f0la og hags\u00fdsluger\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Me\u00f0al stofnana sem annast eftirlit me\u00f0 framkv\u00e6md samningsins m\u00e1 nefna: Matv\u00e6lastofnun,  Samkeppniseftirlit, P\u00f3st og fjarskiptastofnun, Neytendastofu, Lyfjastofnun, Vinnueftirlit og Fj\u00e1rm\u00e1laeftirlit. Krafan um einsleitni \u00e1 innri marka\u00f0num \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 \u00fear gilda s\u00f6mu l\u00f6g og reglur fyrir alla. \u00deegar liti\u00f0 er yfir fj\u00f6lda settra laga \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00e1 25 \u00e1ra gildist\u00edma EES samningsins kemur \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 16 % \u00feeirra m\u00e1 rekja beint til samningsins.[i]<\/a> Samningurinn var sam\u00feykktur \u00e1 Al\u00feingi \u00cdslendinga 12. jan\u00faar 1993 me\u00f0 33 atkv\u00e6\u00f0um gegn 23 en sj\u00f6 s\u00e1tu hj\u00e1. Forma\u00f0ur Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0uflokksins, J\u00f3n Baldvin Hannibalsson, utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0herra, haf\u00f0i \u00e1 hendi p\u00f3lit\u00edska verkstj\u00f3rn samninganna fr\u00e1 upphafi til enda af \u00cdslands h\u00e1lfu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      HVERS VEGNA EKKI\u00a0 EVR\u00d3PUSAMBANDI\u00d0?[ii]<\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Hvers vegna gengu EFTA- r\u00edkin ekki bara \u00ed Evr\u00f3pusambandi\u00f0? Og t\u00f3ku \u00fear me\u00f0 fullan \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed samrunaferlinu, sem stefndi a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 r\u00e9tta hlut Evr\u00f3pu eftir brotlendingu tveggja heimsstyrjalda? Svari\u00f0 felst \u00ed tveimur or\u00f0um: Kalda str\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0 og hlutleysi<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Fj\u00f6gur EFTA-r\u00edkjanna l\u00fdstu sig hlutlaus \u00ed \u00e1t\u00f6kum st\u00f3rveldanna \u00ed Kalda str\u00ed\u00f0inu. \u00cd Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 var hlutleysi\u00f0  – alliansfriheten \u2013 hin helgu v\u00e9. Fyrir Finna var hlutleysi \u00feau hyggindi sem \u00ed hag koma gagnvart risaveldinu handan landam\u00e6ranna. Svipa\u00f0a s\u00f6gu er a\u00f0 segja um Alpar\u00edkin: Sviss s\u00e9rh\u00e6f\u00f0i sig \u00ed hlutleysi, en Austurr\u00edki var hlutlaust af illri nau\u00f0syn skv. fri\u00f0arskilm\u00e1lum eftir str\u00ed\u00f0. Hlutleysi \u00feessara r\u00edkja leyf\u00f0i ekki \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku \u00ed yfir\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum<\/em> samt\u00f6kum eins og Evr\u00f3pusambandinu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      L\u00f6gformleg stofnun innri marka\u00f0ar<\/strong> Evr\u00f3pusambandsins og upptaka sameiginlegs gjaldmi\u00f0ils \u2013 evrunnar<\/strong> \u2013 voru risavaxin verkefni. Hvort um sig og b\u00e6\u00f0i tv\u00f6. \u00dea\u00f0 var hvorki t\u00edmi n\u00e9 a\u00f0f\u00f6ng til a\u00f0 sinna \u00f6\u00f0rum verkefnum eins og samningum vi\u00f0 n\u00fd a\u00f0ildar\u00edki \u00e1 sama t\u00edma. En EFTA-r\u00edkin voru efnahagslega sterk. \u00deau voru \u00f6flugri vi\u00f0skiptaa\u00f0ili ESB en Bandar\u00edkin og Japan til samans. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3na\u00f0i \u00fev\u00ed vi\u00f0skiptahagsmunum Evr\u00f3pusambandsins a\u00f0 bj\u00f3\u00f0a EFTA-r\u00edkjunum a\u00f0ild a\u00f0 innri marka\u00f0num fr\u00e1 upphafi. P\u00f3lit\u00edkin kom \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0ild, en vi\u00f0skiptahagsmunirnir kr\u00f6f\u00f0ust lausnar. Lausnin var EES<\/strong> –  evr\u00f3pska efnahagssv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em><\/strong>.[iii]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u00cd \u00e6viminningum s\u00ednum segir Gro Harlem Brundtland fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 Delors, forseti framkv\u00e6mdastj\u00f3rnar ESB, hafi bori\u00f0 hugmyndina um \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku EFTA-r\u00edkja \u00ed innri marka\u00f0num undir sig og \u00fe\u00e1 jafna\u00f0armannalei\u00f0toga, sem s\u00e1tu \u00e1 st\u00f3li fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0herra Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar, Finnlands og Austurr\u00edkis, \u00fe\u00e1 Olof Palme, Kalevi Sorsa og Bruno Kreisky. Vi\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0ar undirtektir. Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an var\u00f0 s\u00fa, a\u00f0 Brundtland bau\u00f0 lei\u00f0togum annarra EFTA-r\u00edkja til fundar um m\u00e1li\u00f0 \u00ed norsku sk\u00ed\u00f0aparad\u00edsinni, Holmenkollen \u00ed mars 1989. Fulltr\u00faar \u00cdslands vorum vi\u00f0 Steingr\u00edmur Hermannsson, fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0herra vinstri stj\u00f3rnarinnar 1988-91.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      FISKUR: FJ\u00d6GURRA STAFA OR\u00d0[iv]<\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      EN \u00deA\u00d0 REYNDIST VERA \u00deR\u00c1NDUR \u00cd G\u00d6TU a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er okkur var\u00f0a\u00f0i: Fiskur. \u201eEnginn marka\u00f0sa\u00f0gangur<\/strong> fyrir sj\u00e1varaflur\u00f0ir, \u00e1n a\u00f0gangs a\u00f0 au\u00f0lindum<\/strong>\u201c. \u00deetta var yfirl\u00fdst stefna Evr\u00f3pusambandsins, a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er var\u00f0ar vi\u00f0skipti me\u00f0 sj\u00e1varafur\u00f0ir \u00e1 innri marka\u00f0num vi\u00f0 r\u00edki utan ESB. \u00deetta var algerlega \u00f3a\u00f0gengilegt fyrir land eins og \u00cdsland.Gagnkv\u00e6mur a\u00f0gangur a\u00f0 m\u00f6rku\u00f0um \u2013 j\u00e1. En vi\u00f0 h\u00f6f\u00f0um ekki h\u00e1\u00f0 \u00ferenn \u00feorskastr\u00ed\u00f0 vi\u00f0 St\u00f3ra Bretland til \u00feess a\u00f0 opna svo a\u00f0gengi sp\u00e6nska flotans a\u00f0 fiskimi\u00f0um okkar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u00deess vegna s\u00f6g\u00f0um vi\u00f0,  strax \u00ed upphafi, me\u00f0an EFTA-r\u00edkin voru a\u00f0 samr\u00e6ma samningsst\u00f6\u00f0u s\u00edna, vi\u00f0 samstarfsa\u00f0ila okkar \u00ed EFTA: \u00dei\u00f0 ver\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 sam\u00feykkja grundvallarregluna um fr\u00edverslun me\u00f0 sj\u00e1varafur\u00f0ir<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 r\u00e9tt eins og me\u00f0 i\u00f0na\u00f0arv\u00f6rur \u2013 innan EFTA. Og \u00fev\u00ed n\u00e6st a\u00f0 gera \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 sameiginlegri samningsst\u00f6\u00f0u EFTA- r\u00edkjanna. Annars getum vi\u00f0 ekki veri\u00f0 me\u00f0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Svisslendingar, Finnar og Sv\u00edar t\u00f6ldu sig allir \u00feurfa a\u00f0 vernda sinn vatnafisk. A\u00f0 lokum var \u00fea\u00f0 fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0herra Sv\u00eda, Ingvar Carlsson, sem leysti hn\u00fatinn. Hann sag\u00f0i: Vi\u00f0 ver\u00f0um a\u00f0 f\u00f3rna \u00f6rsm\u00e1um hagsmunum fyrir meiri \u2013 og gekk \u00e1 undan me\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0u ford\u00e6mi. Samsta\u00f0a bandalags\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a okkar \u00ed EFTA for\u00f0a\u00f0i okkur \u00cdslendingum fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vera skildir eftir einir<\/em>, \u00ed vonlausri samningsst\u00f6\u00f0u frammi fyrir samningamask\u00ednu Evr\u00f3pusambandsins, \u00e1n stu\u00f0nings fr\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum til \u00feess a\u00f0 breyta hef\u00f0bundinni samningsst\u00f6\u00f0u ESB \u00ed grundvallatri\u00f0um.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      SAMSTA\u00d0A EFTA-R\u00cdKJANNA \u00ed \u00feessu m\u00e1li dug\u00f0i einmitt til \u00feess. Vi\u00f0 fengum \u00fev\u00ed sem n\u00e6st tollfrj\u00e1lsan marka\u00f0sa\u00f0gang fyrir okkar sj\u00e1varafur\u00f0ir (sem og fyrir Nor\u00f0menn og F\u00e6reyinga), \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 veita \u00ed sta\u00f0inn a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 fiskimi\u00f0um okkar (nema tr\u00edmabundi\u00f0 \u00ed \u00f6rsm\u00e1u magni). Vi\u00f0 fengum einnig undan\u00fe\u00e1gu fr\u00e1 grundvallarreglunni um r\u00e9tt til fj\u00e1rfestinga<\/strong> \u00ed \u00edslenskum sj\u00e1var\u00fatvegi. S\u00fa undan\u00fe\u00e1ga stendur enn. Af \u00feessu m\u00e1 margt og miki\u00f0 l\u00e6ra um samst\u00f6\u00f0u sm\u00e1\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      EN HVA\u00d0 ME\u00d0 FULLVELDI\u00d0?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u00deEGAR EFTA-R\u00cdKIN h\u00f3fu samningavi\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0ur um EES \u00e1ri\u00f0 1989,  l\u00f6g\u00f0um vi\u00f0 upp me\u00f0 till\u00f6gu um stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslu samningsins, sem ger\u00f0i r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir\u201ctveggja-sto\u00f0a-kerfi<\/strong>\u201c a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er  var\u00f0ar undirb\u00faning m\u00e1la og \u00e1kvar\u00f0anat\u00f6ku (\u201edecision shaping and decision making\u201c)[v]<\/a>. \u00deetta \u00fe\u00fdddi, a\u00f0 EES \u00e1tti a\u00f0 byggja \u00e1 tveimur jafngildum sto\u00f0um. Sameiginlega \u00e6ttu EFTA-r\u00edkin 6 \u00feess vegna a\u00f0 hafa jafnmikil \u00e1hrif og ESB-r\u00edkin 12 \u00ed \u00e1kvar\u00f0anaferlinu. Einnig ger\u00f0um vi\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir Eftirlitssstofnun (ESA) og d\u00f3mst\u00f3l til a\u00f0 skera \u00far um \u00e1greiningsm\u00e1l. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      En atbur\u00f0ar\u00e1sin greip fram fyrir hendurnar \u00e1 okkur. Berl\u00ednarm\u00farinn hrundi; Austur-Evr\u00f3pa braust undan oki Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjanna. Kalda str\u00ed\u00f0i\u00f0 var b\u00fai\u00f0 (1991\/92). \u00deetta \u00fe\u00fdddi, a\u00f0 hlutlausu r\u00edkin EFTA-megin  t\u00f6ldu sig n\u00fa frj\u00e1ls a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fara yfir br\u00fana og s\u00e6kja um fulla a\u00f0ild a\u00f0 ESB. \u00dea\u00f0 ger\u00f0u \u00feau \u00e1ri\u00f0 1995. Nor\u00f0menn felldu hins vegar a\u00f0ildarums\u00f3kn \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0aratkv\u00e6\u00f0agrei\u00f0slu 1994 \u00ed anna\u00f0 sinn. Loks h\u00f6fnu\u00f0u Svisslendingar EES- samningnum \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0aratkv\u00e6\u00f0agrei\u00f0slu \u00ed desember 1992. \u00de\u00e1 voru a\u00f0eins Noregur, \u00cdsland og Liechtenstein eftir til a\u00f0 halda uppi EFTA- sto\u00f0inni. R\u00famar 5 millj\u00f3nir annars vegar, en n\u00e6stum 500 millj\u00f3nir hins vegar. \u00dea\u00f0 halla\u00f0i heldur betur \u00e1. \u00deetta \u00fe\u00fdddi \u00f3hj\u00e1kv\u00e6milega, a\u00f0 EFTA- sto\u00f0in var\u00f0 miklu veikari en upphaflega var r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir gert.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Formlega s\u00e9\u00f0 geta \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0\u00feing EFTA- r\u00edkjanna hafna\u00f0 n\u00fdjum till\u00f6gum framkv\u00e6mda-stj\u00f3rnar ESB. \u00cd reynd hefur \u00fea\u00f0 ekki gerst, vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 aflei\u00f0ingin yr\u00f0i s\u00fa, a\u00f0 vi\u00f0komandi r\u00edki yr\u00f0i a\u00f0 segja sig fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed m\u00e1la- e\u00f0a verksv\u00e6\u00f0i, sem um r\u00e6\u00f0ir. \u00dear me\u00f0 yr\u00f0i samningurinn sm\u00e1m saman ekki lengur einsleitur. De jure<\/em> h\u00f6ldum vi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed fullveldinu; de facto<\/em> f\u00e1um v\u00f0 n\u00fd l\u00f6g og reglur send \u00ed p\u00f3sti. Er \u00feetta ekki umfram \u00feau m\u00f6rk, sem stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in \u00feolir?  Er \u00fe\u00e1 ekki lausnin a\u00f0 fara a\u00f0 ford\u00e6mi annarra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a og r\u00fdmka \u00feau m\u00f6rk \u00ed nafni r\u00edkjandi al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0av\u00e6\u00f0ingar?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      HVERJIR ERU HELSTU KOSTIR EES?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u00c1RI\u00d0 2019 gaf \u00fe\u00fdska ranns\u00f3knarstofnunin Bertelsmann Stiftung \u00fat sk\u00fdrslu me\u00f0 mati \u00e1 hagr\u00e6num \u00e1vinningi sameiginlega marka\u00f0arins fyrir a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkin. \u00dear segir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u201eS\u00e9 liti\u00f0 til heildar\u00e1hrifa \u00e1 \u00cdslandi eru uppreiknu\u00f0 \u00e1hrif \u00e1 efnahag \u00cdslands 380 millj\u00f3nir evra. S\u00fa tala er fengin me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 reikna \u00fat velfer\u00f0ar\u00e1vinning hvers einstaklings og margfalda me\u00f0 \u00edb\u00faafj\u00f6lda. Er \u00fear um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a um 52 milljar\u00f0a kr\u00f3na \u00e1 \u00e1ri hverju. \u00dea\u00f0 er um 2.07 % af vergri landsframlei\u00f0slu \u00cdslands<\/strong>\u201c.[vi]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      A\u00f0ildin a\u00f0 EES marka\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e1ttaskil. \u00c1 \u00e1rabilinu 1988 \u2013 1994 r\u00edkti kreppa \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. \u00dea\u00f0 var aflasamdr\u00e1ttur og versnandi vi\u00f0skiptakj\u00f6r. Hagv\u00f6xtur var neikv\u00e6\u00f0ur nokkur \u00e1r \u00ed r\u00f6\u00f0. Atvinnuleysi f\u00f3r vaxandi. \u00deegar EES samningurinn f\u00f3r a\u00f0 virka, h\u00f3fst langvarandi vaxtarskei\u00f0<\/em><\/strong>. Innri marka\u00f0ur ESB er st\u00e6rsta fr\u00edverslunarsv\u00e6\u00f0i heims. Me\u00f0 a\u00f0ild a\u00f0 innri marka\u00f0num var heimamarka\u00f0ur<\/em> \u00cdslands or\u00f0inn fimm hundru\u00f0 millj\u00f3nir manna. \u00dea\u00f0 gildir b\u00e6\u00f0i um \u00fatflutning v\u00f6ru og \u00fej\u00f3nustu, sem og innflutning. \u00der\u00edr fj\u00f3r\u00f0u hlutar sj\u00e1varv\u00f6ru\u00fatflutnings okkar fer \u00e1 innri marka\u00f0inn og meira en helmingur innflutningsins kemur \u00fea\u00f0an.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Aflei\u00f0ingarnar h\u00f6f\u00f0u j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0 \u00e1hrif \u00e1 hagv\u00f6xt,landsframlei\u00f0slu (VLF), \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0artekjur \u00e1 mann, framlei\u00f0ni, samkeppnish\u00e6fni \u00edslenskra fyrirt\u00e6kja, utanr\u00edkisvi\u00f0skipti og gjaldeyris\u00f6flun sem og n\u00fdsk\u00f6pun og aukna fj\u00f6lbreytni efnahagsl\u00edfsins. Fer\u00f0amannai\u00f0na\u00f0urinn<\/strong> hef\u00f0i ekki n\u00e1\u00f0 a\u00f0 bl\u00f3mgast eins og ger\u00f0ist, \u00e1n EES. Samningurinn greiddi g\u00f6tu erlends vinnuafls<\/strong> \u00ed \u00edslensku atvinnul\u00edfi og hann trygg\u00f0i tug\u00fe\u00fasundum \u00cdslendinga r\u00e9ttindi<\/strong> til b\u00fasetu, n\u00e1ms, atvinnu og atvinnu\u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu \u00f6llu. Frj\u00e1lst fl\u00e6\u00f0i fj\u00e1rmagns stu\u00f0la\u00f0i a\u00f0 aukinni fj\u00f6lbreytni<\/strong> efnahagsl\u00edfsins. \u00cdslendingar nj\u00f3ta kosta a\u00f0ildar, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0<\/em> takast \u00e1 her\u00f0ar skuldbindingar, sem full a\u00f0ild \u00fatheimtir.<\/em> B\u00e6\u00f0i heildarsamt\u00f6k atvinnul\u00edfisins (SFA) og AS\u00cd, heildarsamt\u00f6k launaf\u00f3lks, sty\u00f0ja EES.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      MAREL OG EES<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      REYNSLAN HEFUR S\u00ddNT, a\u00f0 EES-samningurinn hefur reynst vera lyftist\u00f6ng fyrir<\/em> n\u00fdsk\u00f6punarfyrirt\u00e6ki<\/em>, sem eiga framt\u00ed\u00f0 s\u00edna undir hindrunarlausum a\u00f0gangi a\u00f0 erlendum m\u00f6rku\u00f0um. Marel \u2013 h\u00e1t\u00e6knifyrirt\u00e6ki \u00ed matv\u00e6lai\u00f0na\u00f0i \u2013 er gott d\u00e6mi um \u00fea\u00f0. Sama \u00e1 vi\u00f0 um fj\u00f6lda fyrirt\u00e6kja \u00ed svipa\u00f0ri st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed uppl\u00fdsingat\u00e6kni, lyfjaframlei\u00f0slu<\/strong>, s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0i\u00fej\u00f3nustu, fer\u00f0amannai\u00f0na\u00f0i<\/strong> o.s.frv. Allt hefur \u00feetta leitt til aukinnar fj\u00f6lbreytni \u00ed \u00edslensku atvinnul\u00edfi. Um \u00feetta segir H\u00f6r\u00f0ur Arnarson, forstj\u00f3ri Marels (1999- 2009) eftirfarandi \u00ed vi\u00f0tali vi\u00f0 Vi\u00f0skiptabla\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed apr\u00edl \u00e1ri\u00f0 2019:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u201e\u00c9g held \u00ed raun og veru, a\u00f0 fyrirt\u00e6ki eins og Marel og \u00d6ssur hef\u00f0u ekki or\u00f0i\u00f0 til<\/strong> \u00ed \u00feeirri mynd sem \u00feau eru, hef\u00f0um vi\u00f0 ekki or\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0ilar a\u00f0 Evr\u00f3pska efnahagssv\u00e6\u00f0inu… A\u00f0 m\u00ednu mati er \u00fea\u00f0 vanmeti\u00f0, hversu mikilv\u00e6gt \u00feetta skref me\u00f0 evr\u00f3pska efnahagssv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 var \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma, og \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 vera innan fr\u00edverslunarbandalagsins var algj\u00f6rt lykilatri\u00f0i<\/strong>. Hef\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 ekki veri\u00f0, hef\u00f0u menn \u00feurft a\u00f0 sta\u00f0setja st\u00e6rri hluta fyrirt\u00e6kisins erlendis<\/em>\u201c.[vii]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      HVERJIR ERU HELSTU GALLAR EES?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      GAGNR\u00ddNENDUR SAMNINGSINS nefna helst til s\u00f6gunnar eftirfarandi: A\u00f0 samningurinn brj\u00f3ti \u00ed b\u00e1ga vi\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1na; a\u00f0 samningurinn sker\u00f0i fullveldi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar, b\u00e6\u00f0i l\u00f6ggjafarvalds og d\u00f3msvalds. \u00deeir kvarta undan \u00ed\u00feyngjandi regluger\u00f0af\u00e1ri fyrir fyrirt\u00e6kin og skorti \u00e1 l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u00dev\u00ed er til a\u00f0 svara, a\u00f0 \u00ed upphafi var gengi\u00f0 \u00fatfr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnkerfi samningsins kalla\u00f0i ekki \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rbreytingar og a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 virti fullveldi a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkjanna. \u00dea\u00f0 f\u00f3lst \u00ed hinu svonefnda \u201etveggja- sto\u00f0a- kerfi\u201c. EFTA-r\u00edkin, me\u00f0 r\u00famlega fj\u00f6rt\u00edu millj\u00f3nir \u00edb\u00faa, h\u00f6f\u00f0u jafnan r\u00e9tt til \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku vi\u00f0 undirb\u00faning og t\u00f6ku \u00e1kvar\u00f0ana og a\u00f0ildarr\u00edki ESB. \u00dear a\u00f0 auki var lausn deilum\u00e1la trygg\u00f0 me\u00f0 s\u00e9rstakri eftirlitsstofnun (EFTA Surveillance<\/strong> Authority<\/strong> \u2013 ESA<\/strong>) og EFTA d\u00f3mst\u00f3l<\/strong>. \u00cd \u00e1litsger\u00f0um tilkvaddra l\u00f6gspekinga komust flestir a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u, a\u00f0 framsal fullveldis v\u00e6ri takmarka\u00f0 og innan \u00feeirra marka, sem stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in heimilar. Reyndar hafa margar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir n\u00fat\u00edmav\u00e6tt stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1r<\/em> s\u00ednar til a\u00f0 heimila meiri \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamstarfi en \u00e1\u00f0ur t\u00ed\u00f0ka\u00f0ist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u00dear a\u00f0 auki kva\u00f0 EES \u2013 samningurinn (gr.102) \u00e1 um h\u00f6fnunarvald <\/em>EES\/EFTA r\u00edkja var\u00f0andi innlei\u00f0ingu \u00e1 ESB-l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f, sem fellur undir samninginn. \u00dear me\u00f0 \u00e1skildu EFTA – r\u00edkin s\u00e9r \u00f3skert fullveldi de jure. <\/em>EFTA – r\u00edkjunum er \u00ed sj\u00e1lfsvald sett a\u00f0 hafna innlei\u00f0ingu ESB-l\u00f6ggjafar, telji \u00feau hana ekki samr\u00fdmast \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arhagsmunum s\u00ednum. D\u00e6mi um l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f, sem var\u00f0ar innri marka\u00f0inn, eru l\u00f6g og reglur um j\u00e1rnbrautasamg\u00f6ngur og skipaskur\u00f0i. Hvorugt \u00e1 vi\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, af auglj\u00f3sum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Sama m\u00e1li gegnir um sameiginlegan orkumarka\u00f0 ESB yfir landam\u00e6ri. \u00dear sem \u00cdsland hefur engan s\u00e6streng til orkuflutnings, \u00e1 \u00cdsland enga a\u00f0ild<\/em> a\u00f0 \u00feeim marka\u00f0i.  \u00dea\u00f0 er okkur \u00ed sj\u00e1lfsvald sett, hvort vi\u00f0 viljum breyta \u00fev\u00ed me\u00f0 lagningu s\u00e6strengs. A\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er var\u00f0ar \u201e\u00ed\u00feyngjandi regluverk\u201c er \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 meginhluta okkur \u00ed hag, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 einsleitnin tryggir samkeppnish\u00e6fni \u00edslenskra fyrirt\u00e6kja \u00e1 marka\u00f0num (sj\u00e1 d\u00e6mi\u00f0 um \u201eMarel og EES\u201c h\u00e9r a\u00f0 framan). A\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er var\u00f0ar meintan l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0ishalla er \u00fea\u00f0 fyrst og fremst vandam\u00e1l a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkja ESB.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      EN ER EKKI BETRA A\u00d0 GERA TV\u00cd-HLI\u00d0A FR\u00cdVERSLUNAR-SAMNING VI\u00d0 ESB TIL A\u00d0 LOSNA VI\u00d0 SKRIFFINNSKUNA?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      EES \u2013SAMNINGURINN er anna\u00f0 og meira en fr\u00edverslunarsamningur um l\u00e6kkun tolla. Samningurinn \u00fatilokar a\u00f0rar t\u00e6knilegar vi\u00f0skiptahindranir fyrir a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkin. Sameiginlegar samkeppnisreglur \u00e1 \u00f6llum svi\u00f0um styrkja samkeppnisst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkja. \u00dea\u00f0 l\u00e6tur n\u00e6rri a\u00f0 helmingur \u00edslendinga hafa n\u00fdtt r\u00e9tt sinn skv. EES til b\u00fasetu \u00ed EES-l\u00f6ndum og til \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku \u00ed s\u00e9rst\u00f6kum samstarfsverkefnum. Ekkert af \u00feessu f\u00e6st me\u00f0 tv\u00edhli\u00f0a tollasamningum. \u00dear a\u00f0 auki er EFTA-r\u00edkjunum, \u00fe.\u00e1.m. \u00cdslandi, ekkert a\u00f0 vanb\u00fana\u00f0i a\u00f0 gera fr\u00edverslunarsamninga vi\u00f0 \u00f6nnur r\u00edki (sbr. fr\u00edverslunarsamning vi\u00f0 K\u00edna), til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar vi\u00f0 EES.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u00dea\u00f0 er ekki heldur h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 ganga a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed sem v\u00edsu, a\u00f0 ESB s\u00e9 tilb\u00fai\u00f0 til a\u00f0 gera fr\u00edverslunarsamning vi\u00f0 \u00cdsland eitt og s\u00e9r. \u00c1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma \u00feurftu \u00cdslendingar stu\u00f0ning annarra EFTA- r\u00edkja til a\u00f0 kn\u00fdja fram fr\u00edverslun me\u00f0 sj\u00e1varafur\u00f0ir, \u00fear sem ESB heimta\u00f0i a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 fiskvei\u00f0iau\u00f0lindinni  \u00ed sta\u00f0inn fyrir marka\u00f0sa\u00f0gang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      HVERS VEGNA VAR (OG ER) EES SVONA UMDEILT?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u00cdSLENDINGAR ERU N\u00ddFRJ\u00c1LS \u00deJ\u00d3\u00d0. Sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isbar\u00e1ttan vi\u00f0 Dani setur enn svip sinn \u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0m\u00e1laumr\u00e6\u00f0una.  Heimastj\u00f3rn \u2013 framkv\u00e6mdavald, l\u00f6ggjafarvald og d\u00f3msvald \u2013 \u00ed h\u00f6ndum okkar sj\u00e1lfra var forsenda fyrir n\u00fat\u00edmav\u00e6\u00f0ingu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsins \u00e1 20stu \u00f6ld. En vi\u00f0 \u00feurftum l\u00edka a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 erlendu fj\u00e1rmagni og erlendum m\u00f6rku\u00f0um.  Sameiginlega er \u00feetta \u00ferennt<\/strong>  – heimastj\u00f3rn, erlent fj\u00e1rmagn og hindrunarlaus a\u00f0gangur a\u00f0 m\u00f6rku\u00f0um<\/strong> – <\/em> form\u00falan fyrir n\u00fat\u00edmav\u00e6\u00f0ingu \u00cdslands<\/em><\/strong>.[viii]<\/strong><\/a><\/em> Samkv\u00e6mt flestum l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i\u00e1litum er EES samningurinn innan \u00feeirra marka, sem stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in heimilar \u00ed bindandi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarsamningum. Flestar a\u00f0rar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir hafa n\u00fa r\u00fdmri stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1r\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i til a\u00f0 heimila al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt samstarf. Vi\u00f0 st\u00f6ndum \u00fev\u00ed frammi fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 breyta stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni me\u00f0 sama h\u00e6tti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      HAFA HRAKSP\u00c1RNAR R\u00c6TST?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        <\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        AL\u00deINGISKOSNINGARNAR 1991 snerust a\u00f0allega um EES-samninginn, sem \u00fe\u00e1 \u00feegar var efnislega umsaminn, \u00fe\u00f3tt hann gengi ekki \u00ed gildi fyrr en \u00ed \u00e1rsbyrjun 1994. \u00de\u00e1 br\u00e1 svo vi\u00f0, a\u00f0 forystumenn Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubandalags og Frams\u00f3knar snerust af h\u00f6rku gegn samnningnum<\/em>, sem Vinstristj\u00f3rnin (1988-91) bar \u00fe\u00f3 fulla \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1. \u00deeir sem lengst gengu f\u00f3ru beinl\u00ednis hamf\u00f6rum og fundu samningnum flest til for\u00e1ttu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u00deEIR FULLYRTU<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        A\u00f0<\/em><\/strong> erlendir fiskiflotar myndu r\u00e1\u00f0ast inn \u00ed 200 m\u00edlna fiskvei\u00f0il\u00f6gs\u00f6gu \u00cdslands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        A\u00f0<\/em><\/strong> erlendir au\u00f0k\u00fdfingar myndu s\u00f6lsa undir sig \u201e\u00f3\u00f0ul fe\u00f0ranna\u201c, jar\u00f0eignir me\u00f0 laxvei\u00f0ihlunnindum og virkjunarr\u00e9ttindum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        A\u00f0<\/em><\/strong> erlent vinnuafl myndi flykkjast inn \u00ed landi\u00f0 og undirbj\u00f3\u00f0a kaup og kj\u00f6r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Allt voru \u00feetta sta\u00f0leysustafir \u00ed reynd. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n